Ebola
Phylogeny: What family of viruses does Ebola virus belong to?
Filoviridae/filoviruses (named for the string or thread-like shape of the virus)
Phylogeny: What family of viruses does Zika belong to?
Flaviviridae/flaviviruses (stemming from the Latin word for 'yellow')
Phylogeny: What family of virus does SARS belong to?
Coronaviruses (stemming from the Latin word for 'crown' after the spikes on the virus' surface)
When did the initial outbreak of Covid-19 occur in China, and when did the WHO declare it a global pandemic?
WHO declaration: March 2020
What is a polycrisis?
Interacting crises that amplify each other/one another
What is the average incubation period for Ebola, and why does this matter?
Up to 14 days, makes it hard to stop the spread because people may be asymptomatic carriers
What are the precursor cells for the developing cerebral cortex?
Cortical neural progenitor cells
Refers to infections spread in a healthcare setting, causing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
Club-shaped proteins on the surface of coronaviruses which are key to fusing with human cells- they are highly flexible and attach to the ACE2 receptor on the outside of human throat and lung cells
Why are conflict, climate change, and covid referred to as the "3 Cs" of polycrises?
Because together they interact to intensify resource scarcity, disrupt health systems, and magnify existing social and economic inequities
Transmission: What are the suspected reservoirs of Ebola virus?
Bats or primates
What is DALY?
Disability Adjusted Life Years: A summary measure of population health that quantifies the burden of disease by combining years lost due to premature death and years lived with a disability
Beyond the lungs, what body system does SARS infect?
The reticuloendothelial system (A network of phagocytic cells that removes pathogens, aged cells, and foreign particles from the body- macrophages in the liver and spleen)
What are cytokines?
Cellular messengers that orchestrate the immune response (Some people who contract Covid-19 are harmed by an overreactive immune response)
What is a syndemic?
Multiple health conditions that interact and worse each other, with their impacts intensified by social, economic, and environmental inequities
How did colonialism leave Sierra Leone especially vulnerable to an outbreak of Ebola?
Colonialism left Sierra Leone with a poor economy, minimal social services and educational institutions, and led to a civil war which created even more instability
What is teratogenecity?
What is fragmented authoritarianism?
A system of government where power is concentrated in a single leader or group at the top, but fragmented below, leading local officials to answer upward rather than to the people
Who is Nancy Messonier?
An initial lead member of the CDC Covid-19 response, ultimately removed from press briefings, later speculated to have been silenced for expressing urgency about the threat of a pandemic
What is the purpose of resilience frameworks?
They provide conceptual tools for understanding how individuals, households, and communities absorb, anticipate, adapt to, and recover from shocks or stresses
What is social mobilization?
The process of bringing together allies to assist in the delivery of resources and services, and strengthening community participation for sustainability and self-reliance
What were the main components of USAID's SBC programming?
1. Mass/social media
2. Community engagement and interpersonal communication
What is risk communication?
The real-time exchange of information, recommendations, and opinions between experts/officials and the public, with the goal of enabling those exposed to the risk to make informed decisions
Is the following efficacy or effectiveness: How well an intervention works under ideal, controlled conditions
Efficacy