Key Terms
The _______ of a sentence refers to the constituents that are obligatory for a complete sentence.
Nucleus
What are two types of verb classes and how do they differ?
Transitive verbs: A subject performs the action of a verb on an object
Intransitive verbs: Do not require objects, but optionally take indirect objects.
True of False: The relationship between subject, verb, and object is not affected by sentence class.
False. The relationship between subject, verb, and object is also affected by sentence class.
Identity the clause(s) in the following sentence:
Yesterday, Suzanne gave my money to the girl who lives in London so she could but flowers and chocolate for her friend.
Yesterday, Suzanne gave my money to the girl [who lives in London] [so she could buy flowers and chocolates for her friend].
A ______ is a set of constituents that includes a NP and a VP but exists within a bigger sentence (known as the matrix sentence)
A Clause
When parts of the clause are implied (which means that they were deleted from the deep structure) this is called:
Deletion
What are the 5 sentence classes?
BONUS: What do they do?
Declarative sentences: make a proposition
Stative sentences: describe a state of being
Impersonal sentences: describe a more general state of being
Imperative sentences: make commands
Interrogative sentences: ask questions
______ sentences share the same deep structure as declarative sentences (i.e. they require a subject, predicate, and often an object).
Through syntactic and/or morphological rules, these sentences are transformed into unique surface structures.
Derived
The following is which type of sentence?
Find the dog.
Imperative.
What is a relative clause?
A particular type of subordinate clause that modifies a noun.
How do insubordinate and subordinate clauses vary?
An insubordinate clause is a complete sentence which can stand by itself.
A subordinate clause is not a complete sentence and must be embedded in the larger sentence (known as the matrix sentence)
In a _______ sentence the predicate includes a type of verb called "copula" followed by a complement.
The complement can express classification-identification, description, location, or possession.
Stative
The two major types of derived sentences are:
– Imperatives: make a command
– Interrogatives: ask a question
The following is which type of sentence?
This tea is delicious.
Stative. Expresses the state of something specific.
What is the theory of Universal Grammar?
Universal grammar: the common, obligatory rules of language that are determined by human genetics
The underlying syntactic structure of a sentence that is governed by a language’s prevailing word order is known as:
Deep structure
___________ sentences generally take a subject, verb, and object, generally have active verbs (transitive or intransitive), and can be easily changed into interrogratives.
Declarative
_______ sentences have declarative sentences as their underlying form.
Derived
The following is which type of sentence?
I'll never leave you.
Commissive.
_________ sentences use a particular class of verb that may not allow for a subject.
Impersonal
Ex: It rains a lot here.
The output (i.e. actual sentence) from an underlying grammar, which can be transformed from the deep structure is called:
Surface structure
_____/______ sentences have multiple subjects and predicates that are embedded through complementizers, or coordinated through conjuncts.
Complex/compound
How to complementizers and conjuncts differ?
Complementizers: show a hierarchical relationship between the clauses/sentences
Conjuncts: the clauses/sentences are linked but not in a hierarchical manner.
Roger Jennings, you are the new SuperDad U.S.A. for 2007!
Declarative.
Phrase structure rules show __________ ________ and ___ __ ____ ______.
Hierarchical embedding.
How to make clauses.
In other words, the hierarchical ordering of constituents creates sentences, and phrase structure rules describe these hierarchical orders