Seclusion and separation
What is domestic harm?
Ideology and cultural norms of controlling women’s sexuality influence a separation between men and women. They live in separate social spaces.
In Muslim countries, there is a separate part of the house for the women, secure, private, removal from public life.
What is the pattern of women’s migration?
South to North for doing “women’s work”
Work in jobs women in North aren’t able or willing to do
How women exercise power?
It is tied to economics, kinship relations and managing households. Not always formalized and institutionalized as men. Women across the world do not enjoy equal level of political and institutional power.
Women’s forms of power is located in different domain than men, while women control at least the major portion of important resources and decisions.
What is a burqa?
It’s a part of women’s attire, beautifies and spiritual self for the Sohari women in Oman.
Due to religion, women do not question the ideology of sexual modesty and segregation. It gives men the authority for being vigilant for women’s chastity.
What is the worldwide gender revolution?
The women from developing countries migrants to work in rich counties. They become the breadwinner by gaining economic independence and a sense of liberation. Even though they community across the globe to orient as nannies or maids etc..
The women in rich countries do not need to do ‘traditional women work’ and get to be the breadwinners
Households previously taken care of by middle-class and high-income women are now taken care by women from developing countries.
Why women virtually everywhere play a subordinate role?
Must create room for informal forms of power
Veiled sentiment
Shows women do not want autonomy but within the secluded culture they use poetry to express sentiments
Poetry functions as a vehicle of violating modesty
How are female migrant workers invisible?
Not visible in media and publiC
Do not receive acknowledgement of support and work, they remain in the background
While middle class women achieve status by managing home and career, domestic workers and nannies make house like hotel-room. Their life styles depend on female migrant orders.
What’s ‘Ahemma’?
“Queen Mother”
Ahemma role is only for women, not men, they will consult with men but they cannot intervene
Often senior women with good speaking power, leadership skills and experience in the market.
Ex: women’s trading in Kumasai Central Market give them the opportunity to exercise their leadership role
Mundurucu and Mythic Past
Seclusion between men and women justified by mythic story
Certain material cultural artifacts such as trumpets were physically separated from women and put in man’s house, women once owned and played them but men wrestled them away.
Men and women live in separate swellings, women only enter for ex and other purposes
Flow of migration patterns (2)
Flows from poorer countries to rich, preferably within close proximity and similarities in culture and language
1) Local migratory flows
2) Cross regional flows
Who are the Keralite Immigrant Nurses?
Women from south India migrating to US and their nursing profession lead to changing pattern of gender ideology.
Provides women with economic power from immigration and jobs, authority of men.
Taking nursing positions that challenge the traditional gender norms and patriarchy, husband’s authoritarian roles diminish as their wives authority increases
Seclusion in Melanesia
Social order is separated by gender, seen as having different physical and psychological beings
Separate worlds, leisure time, responsibilities, houses (Women live in menstruation huts during period because it’s seen as dangerous and impure)
Young boys are taken from mothers and go through purifying rituals, done through mimicking or mirroring female powers of reproduction (ex: ritualized homosexuality
Cults of manhood want privilege and powers of reproduction which only females have.
Push and pull factors for female migrant workers
The care deficit for women’s increasing participation in market pulls them from poor countries.
Poverty, global inequality pushes them to migrate.
These indicate the failure of rich countries to develop proper support for ‘care’ and working mothers in rich countries. As well as that men will not enter women’s work, when women always put in a second shift.
Resistance through Bedouin women (+4 forms of resistence)
Small-scale non-organized and unconventional forms of resistance, which are often overlooked, when they can be tools for understanding and diagnosing power relations
1)Defiance against restrictions: secrets, hide knowledge from men, secretly smoke or visit friends. Segregated spaces
2) Resistance to marriage: fathers and uncles decide marriage, mother can stop
3) Sexually irreverent discourse: making fun of men and manhood through glorified manhood, such as song, jokes
4) Poetry/songs: ghinnawas (little song) that express sentiments, highlighting anger and denial from relationship with men