PEOPLE
Both of these anthropologists focus on interpretive anthropology
1st person: viewed all rituals as containing religious or spiritual components in the referents of the symbolism involved (book: rites of passage)
2nd person: wrote the book "purity and danger" which explores the notions of purity and uncleanness in various cultures and religions of the world to construct a general concept on how ritual purity is established.
Who is Victor Turner
Who is Mary Douglas?
1st person: Believed labor is not entirely personal or individual. forces of production+relations of production=modes of production. Father of communism, wrote communist manifesto
2nd person: financed the first person, wrote "the condition of working class in England in 1844"
Who is Karl Marx?
Who is Friedrich Engels?
These anthropologists studied Europe and the "people without history," plantation economies in the Americas, and sugar's transformative role in England to understand the impact of changing economic and power relations worldwide. interdisciplinary approaches combining anthropology and history. "Sweetness and power" book is based off of studying the sugar trade.
Who is Eric Wolf and Sidney Mintz?
Wrote Distinction in 1984. Analyzed 3 forms of capital as a way to think through class relations:
1. economic capital-money and property
2.social capital-personal connections
3.cultural capital-social assets that are tangible, such as clothes or educational certificates, or intangible, such as knowledge or life experiences
all are used to increase one's chances of success in life.
3 other types are school, social class, and the wealthy use social and economic capital to get cultural capital, limits access to others.
Who is Pierre Bourdieu?
The ability to get people to do things you want (consensually)
What is Hegemony?
Considered most relevant anthropologist in the past 50 yrs. Made the framework of ethnography (don't generalize across cases, look for cultural symbols i.e. crosses, flags, and don't focus on finding universal truths). Did fieldwork in Java, Bali, Morocco. Wrote: "interpretations of cultures", "negara", "local knowledge", and "after the fact".
Who is Clifford Geertz?
Wrote "Bride Abduction in post-Soviet Central Asia: marking a shift towards patriarchy through local discourses off shame and tradition"
Did fieldwork in Khazakstan observing bride abduction practices that have been banned but are still in practice.
Who is Cynthia Werner?
Wrote “the modern system: capitalist agriculture & the origins of the european world economy in the sixteenth century” world system theory which states core countries, which are rich, take resources from peripheral countries, which are poor. The rich continue to increase their wealth through this relationship, while the poor remain impoverished.
Who is Immanuel Wallerstein?
wrote "in search of respect". did research in Spanish Harlem in NYC. Studied immigrants from Puerto Rico, questioned why drug traffickers seemed to be engaging in "economically irrational" behavior by selling commodity that risks imprisonment. his answer was racial and economic barriers to success was so great this was the only rational option. Stated addiction and dealing drugs are symptoms of broader social alienation NOT CAUSES
Who is Phillippe Bourgeois?
The 4 types of Bride Abduction:
1. man takes a woman against her will to pressure into agreeing to marriage from neighboring village
2. man takes woman as a role-play
3. man takes woman and persuades her to stay, pays her family a ransom
4. man takes woman as a form of ritual
1. What is wife raiding?
2. What is mock abduction?
3. What is genuine bride theft?
4. what is ceremonial abduction?
This anthropologist focused on concepts of mind. stated "mental processes are merely intelligent acts" and "self comes from behavior". Theory of Winks v. Twitches. Wrote Interpretations of cultures.
Who is Gilbert Ryle?
This anthropologist states that gender is imposed on us since birth and we "perform" the gender we are "given".
Who is Judith Butler?
"Nickled and Dimed in America"
book: trying to make a living on low wages and what the author learns from the experience. The book recounts the author's experiment of seeing if she could "match income to expenses" on low wages. worked 2 jobs at a time often to just get by.
Who is Barbara Ehrenreich?
Wrote "five families: Mexican case studies in the culture of poverty"
stated the culture of poverty "design for living" was passed down for generations. feelings of marginalization, inferiority, and having to "live in the present". These feelings (culture of poverty) perpetuate poverty.
Who is Oscar Lewis?
Three Critiques:
1. challenges the gender biases embedded in the field’s historical practices, especially the male-dominated perspectives in ethnographic work.
2. challenges the idea of fixed meanings, structures, and truths in anthropological analysis. It critiques the traditional structuralist focus on universal structures (like kinship or language) and instead emphasizes the fluidity of meaning, power, and identity.
3. This critique focuses on the role of class, labor, and economic inequality in shaping human societies.
1. What is the feminist critique?
2. What is the post structuralist critique?
3. What is the Marxist Power-Turn Critique?
Argued that western representations of the East (orientals) are shaped by colonial attitudes and serve to justify western dominance. His ideas are key to understanding how other cultures should be represented.
Who is Edward Said?
Modernization theory, wrote The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960). believes each nation goes through 5 economic stages:
Who is W.W. Rostow?
Critique of Marx's view of stratification. stated that there are three dimensions of social stratification:
1. Wealth (economic status)
2. Power (political status)
3. Prestige (social status)
these are separate but correlated
Who is Max Weber?
Wrote "class: a guide through the American status system"
Made the Scheme of Nine Classes:
1.top out of sight-upper->upper mid->mid->high proletarian->mid proletarian->low proletarian->destitute>bottom out of sight
Who is Paul Fussell?
1. money comes completely from inheritance
2. inherits money, but earns a lot as well
3. has earned most of it in law, medicine, oil, shipping, real estate, or even the more honorific kinds of trade
4. earnestness and psychic insecurity (middle class anxiety)
5. bondage to monetary policy, rip-off advertising, delusions.
6. more supervision at work
7. gross uncertainty of unemployment
8. Destitute
9. Bottom and out of sight
What is the Nine class scheme?
1. top out of sight
2. upper
3. upper middle
4. middle
5. high proletarian
6. mid-proletarian
7. low proletarian
8. destitute
9. bottom out of sight
Focused on anthropology of science and feminism. She focuses the anthropology of science and analyzes science from a feminist perspective. Her work includes detailed analysis on human reproduction and related things. Book: The woman in the body
Who is Emily Martin?
Wrote “capitalism & underdevelopment in latin America”. Satellite & metropolis -> cosmopolitan center -> core area is rich & outer areas are poor.
Dependency theory: the people of less-developed countries are not to blame for the failure of their societies to develop. Instead, Western nations deliberately failed to develop these countries.
Book: capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America
Who is Andre Gunter Frank?
Stated that social inequality increases in advanced industrial societies.
social stratification is more complex and is a system where society ranks people into different levels based on factors like wealth and status. It places individuals in categories to show their relative position within a group.
BONUS: emphasized fieldwork and empirical data, cultural relativism
Who is Franz Boas?
1. ____ capital= money and wealth
2. ____ capital=connections and network
3. ____ capital= knowledge, education, social skills
1. Economic cap.
2. Social cap.
3. Cultural cap.