War: What is it good for?
Anthropologists study these societies to understand the origins of warfare, because conflicts occur without formal governments or social hierarchies.
Stateless societies
Many Neolithic skulls show healing after this procedure, suggesting a survival rate of around 80%.
Trepanation
As Neolithic communities grew, managing resources, disputes, and threats required this new type of social structure.
(An ironic twist to the category)
Government
In existing hunter-gatherer societies ___________ usually do most of the gathering and __________ do most of the hunting.
In existing hunter-gatherer societies women usually do most of the gathering and men do most of the hunting.
In the Neolithic, this type of drink was so common it was brewed alongside daily meals. (general term)
fermented beverages
Among the Mae Enga, stealing these animals was a common cause of conflict.
Pigs
The Iceman (Otzi) carried birch bracket fungus, showing he understood this type of use.
What is a key part of shamanic journeys, allowing the practitioner to move beyond the physical world?
Flying or spiritual travel
The practice or condition of living a settled, non-nomadic lifestyle is referred to as:
Sedentarism
Excessive drinking in the Neolithic often led to this kind of reputation or treatment.
social criticism or disapproval (they were frowned upon)
Modern anthropologists say warfare is not just instinctive, but is mostly influenced by these two types of factors.
By displaying this type of behavior, chimpanzees show concern for the well-being of others.
Prosocial medical behaviour
Unlike schizophrenic states, these trances are structured, coherent, and culturally guided.
Shamanism
Living in close quarters with animals, contaminated water, and crowded villages all contributed to this in early agricultural communities.
Disease
This plant was used in early societies for marriage ceremonies, religious and purification rituals, and exorcisms.
Cannabis
The rise of farming increased both food surpluses and this, which archaeologists link to conflict.
Higher population densities
Early medicinal substances often combined healing effects with these dangerous or mind-altering properties.
psychoactive or toxic properties
Worshippers consumed this ritual drink, which was also treated as a deity, to boost their spiritual energy.
Soma or Haoma
People could settle and reproduce more efficiently due to stable food and this lifestyle change.
Permanent villages/housing (sedentarism)
Most early drug use was taken for this purpose, rather than recreation or medicine.
To commence a religious or spiritual experience
What is the correct order of the five stages of traditional Mae Enga warfare?
Triggering event → Decision → Preparation → March → Attack
What would cause Neolithic skeletal remains to show more malnutrition and stunting compared to those from the Paleolithic?
Agriculture and a less varied diet
Unlike shamanism, these acts are primarily religious and symbolic, often aimed at healing.
Votive offerings
Studies of skeletal remains from Hungarian sites suggest that mortality rose at the end of this period as hunter-gatherers multiplied and large mammals declined.
Paleolithic (as hunter-gatherers multiplied and large mammals declined)
This is a plant or chemical substance taken to produce a religious or spiritual experience.
Entheogen