mechanism of actions
what 3 antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?
penicillins, glycopeptides, and cephalosporins
imagine a cell wall is under attack "pen, gly, and ceph are the wall breakers!"
- penicillin is like a magic pen that writes "no walls on a the blueprint"
- glycopeptides are glue thieves; they steal the glue bacteria use to hold their walls together
- cephalosporins are like secret saboteurs sneaking in and breaking down the wall while it's being built
what antibiotic is a very common allergy hence making it a caution?
penicillin
aminoglycosides experience what kind of effects and interactions
interactions: enhanced nephrotox with diuretics
what does cefaclor treat?
- respiratory tract infections
- ear infections and UTIs
what are signs and symptoms of allergic reactions? what should the nurse do if they suspect a client is having an allergic reaction?
signs/symptoms: rash, itching, hives, swelling (face & throat), respiratory distress
nursing actions: immediately stop antibiotic, assess pt airway, administer antihistamines, notify HCPVD and document the specific prescription
what does it mean when antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?
nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are cautions of what antibiotics
aminoglycosides
what antibiotic has decreased interaction with oral contraceptives?
penicillins
what antibiotic treats a wide rang of gram+ bacteria and streptococcal infections, syphillis, skin infections and respiratory tract infections? how is this antibiotic taken?
penicllin
- po & injectable forms
what is the difference between broad and narrow spectrum?
broad spectrum: wide range (gram + and -) and useful with unknown causative agent
narrow spectrum: targets specific bacteria, reducing harm to beneficial bacteria and used with identified causative agent
which antibiotic treats gram positive bacteria?
glycopeptides
what is the cautions of using cephalosporins
there is cross reactivity in patients with penicillin allergy
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and thrombophlebitis are the adverse effects of what drug? and what is that drugs interactions?
glycopeptides
interactions: increased toxicity with nephrotoxic drugs
what does gentamycin treat and how is it administered?
treats: serious infections, gram - bacteria (pseudomonas and e.coli), UTIs, septicemia, and intra-abd infections
admin: IV, IM
what is a culture and sensitivity test? what is the process?
CST: used to identify causative agent bacteria and which antibiotic is effective against it
Process: sample of blood, urine, sputum is cultured to allow bacteria to growl sensitivity testing is used to identify which antibiotic is most effective
what antibiotic bind to bacterial ribosomes inhibiting protein synthesis
aminoglycosides
"red man syndrome"
- the person's skin especially on the face, neck, and upper body turns red or flushed
what are the interactions of cephalosporins?
increased effects of anticoagulants
this antibiotic is the very last resort, what does it treat?
gram + resistant strains
MRSA, severe C.diff
very serious infections where antibiotics are most resistant
what should the nurse include in teaching about taking antibiotics for clients?
1. complete full course
2. report side effects
3. avoid alcohol
4. timing and consistency
5. avoid sharing antibiotics
list the type of drugs these antibiotics are gentamycin, vancomycin, penicillin, and cefaclor (ex. aminoglycosides, glyocpetides, etc.)
vancomycin: glycopeptide
penicillin: b-lactam
cefaclor: 2nd gen cephalosporin
now list all 4 cautions of each antibiotic
penicillin - very common allergy
aminoglycosides - nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
glycopeptides - risk of "red man syndrome"
cephalosporins - cross reactivity in patients with penicillin
compare and contrast the adverse effects of cephalosporins and penicillins
differences:
penicillins - anaphylaxis, secondary infections
cephalosporins - rash, potential bleeding
when administering each drug, what should you watch for?
gentamycin - monitor for nephrotoxicity and otoxicity
vancomycin - monitor for nephrotoxicity
penicillin - watch for allergic reaction
cefaclor - check for cross-reactivity in pt with penicillin allergies
what is multi-drug resistance?
bacteria becomes resistant to multiple types of antibiotics which occurs from misuse or overuse