Antigens
The substance that triggers an immune response?
Antigen
Proteins made by the immune system to fight antigens
Antibodies
What type of drug stops bacteria from growing?
Bacteriostatic
What type of drug kills bacteria directly?
Bactericidal
When bacteria changes so antibiotics no longer work well
Antigens are usually found on the surface of what kind of cells or particles?
Bacteria, viruses, or foreign cells
Antibodies are made by these white blood cells
B cells
What do bacteriostatic drugs not do to bacteria
Kill them
"Cidal" in bactericidal means what?
Killing
Overuse of antibiotics can lead to what problem in bacteria
Resistance
The immune system recognizes antigens as what type of material?
Foreign or not part of the body
Antibodies work by doing what to antigens?
Binding to or neutralizing them
When bacteria is only stopped from growing, what does the immune system do?
Removes or kills them
Penicillin is an example of what type of antibiotic effect?
Bactericidal
Bacteria can pass resistance genes to each other through this process
Gene transfer
This part of an antigen specifically binds to an antibody
Epitope
This is the shape most antibodies have that allows them to bind specifically to antigens
Y-shaped
Drugs depend on this when the immune system fully clears an infection
Killing or eliminating the bacteria
These antibiotics kill bacteria by breaking down this essential bacterial structure
Cell wall
The name for a small circular DNA molecule that often carries resistance genes
Plasmid
Vaccines work by exposing the body to which type of harmless antigen version
What is the term for how well an antibody binds to a specific antigen
Affinity
Tetracycline is an example of this antibiotic action
Bacteriostatic
The main difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs is what outcome for bacteria
Bacteria being killed or no longer growing
The process that allows bacteria to rapidly evolve resistance through random changes that help survival under antibiotics
Natural selection