Amino Acid NT
Name the two types of Amino Acid NT?
Extra which one is Inhibitory and which one is Excitatory
Glutamate (Excitatory)
GABA (Inhibitory)
Which Amine NT receptors are Metabotropic or ionotropic?
Dopamine - Metabotropic
NOEpi - Metabotropic
Serotonin - ionotropic
What is the leading Hypothesis for treatment with SSRI's
(Hint think about autoreceptors)
Blocks the serotonin re-uptake transports leaving more serotonin in the synapse. The feedback loop sends so much serotonin back to the serotonin autoreceptors that they end up down-regulating. Overall this down-regulating leads to an increased release of serotonin into the synapse
True or False in Anxiety the RASystem gets stuck off causing people to become hyper-alert all the time and have consent autonomic responses
False!!
The RASystem in anxiety gets stuck on!! causing people to become hyper-alert all the time and have consent autonomic responses
Why are Ionotropic receptors Faster than Metabotropic receptors
Ionotropic are Ligain-gated and Metabotropic are GPCR
For NMDA receptions what two things must happen to the receptor to have Ca+ flow in?
-Glutamate and glycine bind to receptor
-Magnesium must get kicked off the receptor
What NT acts on
-Arousal/Awakening
-Food intake
-Mood/Affect
-Pain Modulation
Serotonin
pt with depression have _____ stress hormone and ____ BDNF
Increased Stress hormone
Deceased BDNF
What NT are connected to the RASystem?
Ach, Serotonin, NOepi, Dopamine
[___]thyroidism is a risk factor for Depression
[___]thyroidism is a risk factor for Anxiety
hypothyroidism is a risk factor for Depression
hyperthyroidism is a risk factor for Anxiety
Which Amino Acid NT receptors are Metabotropic or ionotropic?
AMPA - ionotropic
NMDA - ionotropic
GABA(A) - ionotropic
GABA(B)- Metabotropic
All Amine NT
have actions terminated by_____?
have transmitter released modulated by_______?
have excess NT metabolized by ________?
1. Re-uptake transporters
2. Autoreceptors
3. Monoamine oxidase
Deceased PFC activity
Increased Amygdala activity
the RASystem projects & receives from the _____ and most importantly Receives & _______ sensory information
1. Thalamus
2. Filters (Receives & Filters sensory information)
How does Acetylcholine get out terminated?
Enzyme Degradation by Acetylcholinestrase
What NT becomes Hyperpolarized? and what ions prompt that Hyperpolarized.
GABA NT
GABA(A) Cl- flows in
GABA(B) blocks flow of Ca+ into the cell
Dopamine acts where in the brain?
Substantia Nigra & Ventral Tegemental
What dose the Amygdala control?
-Fear
-Arousal
-Stress
-Formation of memories of emotional events
What two medications are specifically indicated for Anxiety?
Xanax (Alprazolam)
BuSpar (Buspirone)
When a pt is on an MAOI what product in certain foods can they not eat?
Extra what happens when a pt eats food containing this product while on a MAOI
Tyramine
If a pt eats Tyramine while on an MAOI. It leads to a dump of NOEpi which leads to system vasoconstriction creating a hypertensive crisis.
(MAO inactivates Tyramine but taking an MAOI means there's no MAO to inactivate Tyramine leading to higher systemic levels of Tyramine)
What medication MOA potentiates Action of GABA(A)?
Class: Benzodiazepine
Where does NOEpid work in the brain and when engaged what dose it cause?
Locus ceruleus
-Arousel/Awakening
-Attention
-Stress-mediated activation
-Mood & Affect
Lateral Habenula
In pt with depression they have excessive activity of the Lateral Habenula which then inhibits the reward circularity leading to: Anhedonia, Helplessness, Excessive focus on negative experiences
How dose the RASystem effect the Hippocampus?
When the RASystem gets stuck on and makes the pt constantly alert (over things they shouldn't be alert on). The hippocampus remembers "normal" things and believes that causes anxiety.
Explain what Wash out period is?
The washout period if the time between stopping 1 antidepressant and starting another 1.
During this time the pt will being taking no Antidepressants. This needs to be done when there is a risk of toxicity (pt safety concern)