Aortic Pathology

Aortic stenosis A

100

Definition of stenosis

Stenosis is a narrowing of an orifice, valve or opening

200

What type of murmur is typically associated with Aortic Stenosis?

Harsh Systolic Ejection Murmur

300

What common congenital defect can lead to early onset of aortic stenosis?

Bicuspid aortic valve

400

In cases of aortic stenosis, what effects will be expected in regard to the LV wall thickness in diastole?

Increase in LV wall thickness

500

Chronic Moderate Aortic Stenosis will have what affect on the left ventricular pressures?

Increase pressure, leading to pressure overload

600

What is the range for Aortic Valve Area (AVA) in moderate aortic stenosis?

1.0 - 1.5 cm²

Aortic stenosis B

100

Bicuspid aortic valve can lead to an aortic valve opening described as:

Cat eye shape

or Football shape

200

What structure within the heart is the most affected by Infective Endocarditis?

Heart Valves

Low pressure side of the valve

300

In cases of Aortic Stenosis, what kind of changes could be expected in the Ascending Aorta or Aortic Root?

Enlargment (dilated)

400

What is the primary reason for the development of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Aortic Stenosis?

Pressure overload, making the LV work harder to push blood out the smaller aortic valve.

500

With aortic stenosis will you have an increase in

Preload or Afterload

Afterload

600

An Aortic Valve Maximum Velocity (V-max) of 4.5 m/s would indicate what severity of Aortic Stenosis, based on velocity alone?

Severe aortic stenosis

Aortic Insufficiency

100

Aortic insufficiency leads to an increase in Preload or Afterload

Preload

200

When assessing a case of Aortic Insufficiency, a pressure halftime (PHT) of 350 ms would be classified as:

Moderate

300

Which factor is LEAST likely to cause Aortic Insufficiency?

• Infective Endocarditis
• High Blood Pressure
• Aortic Dissection
• Bicuspid Aortic Valve

High Blood Pressure 

400

Pulse wave doppler of the Abdominal Aorta in cases of Severe Aortic Insufficiency will typically show:

Diastolic flow reversal

500

The "rain hitting a tarp" sound described in Austin Flint murmur indicates:

Aortic insufficiency with anterior mitral valve leaflet involvement

600

In the context of Aortic Insufficiency, Acute Aortic Insufficiency is considered to have what affect on the left ventricle. 

Volume and pressure overload

Aorta Disease A

100

What is considered the weakest point of the aorta?

Aortic Isthmus

200

What type of arterial aneurysm bulges or balloons out on all sides?

Fusiform

300

In regard to an aorta dissection what is the location of Standford Type A dissection?

Ascending aorta

400

What pathology is indicated by the pathology noted in the above image of Doppler obtained in the descending aorta?

Severe Aortic Regurgitation

500

A patient presents to your laboratory complaining of fatigue, weakness and syncope. You perform an echocardiogram and obtain the following measurements: Use the continuity equation to solve.

LVOTd: 2.0 cm      AoV-VTI: 45 cm

RVOTd: 2.3 cm     LVOT-VTI: 25 cm

What is this patient’s Aortic Valve Area?

1.74 cm²

600

What are the names of the three branches off the aortic arch in order from left to right

Innominate

Left Common Carotid

Left Subclavian

Aorta Disease B

100

For Aortic Aneurysms, surgical intervention is typically considered when the diameter exceeds:

5.5

200

A abnormal narrowing of a portion of the descending aorta, would be referred to as:

Aortic Coarctation

300

Aneurysm that causes an enlargement that only affects the outer layer of the blood vessel wall.

Pseudoaneurysm

400

Identify the pathology seen above:

Fusiform Aneurysm with thrombus formation

500

With Stanford classification of aortic dissection, where would the dissection be located with Stanford type B?

Descending thoracic aorta

600

On echo the ascending aortic root was measured at 4.0 cm, how would you classify dimension?

Abnormal, enlarged