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Module 2: Basic Sciences
Module 3: Tissues
Module 4: Integumentary System
Module 5 Part 1: Bone Tissue & Axial Skeleton
Module 5 Part 2: Appendicular Skeleton & Joints
100
Name the three major regions of a generalized cell and their functions.
Plasma Membrane - flexible, outer boundary. Selectively permeable. Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid containing organelles. Nucleus - Control center.
100
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue.
100
Name and compare the different sweat glands.
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) are merocrine glands, and classified as either eccrine or apocrine glands. Eccrine: abundant on palsm, soles, and forehead, but found all over the body. Apocrine: connected to hair follicles. "Sebum." Function after puberty. Found in axillary and anogenital areas. Specialized apocrine glands: ceruminous and mammary glands.
100
What is Wolff's Law?
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it. Example: handedness.
100
How many carpal bones do we have? Name them in order.
8. Proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal: trapezius, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
200
What are gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes?
Gap: Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell. Example: cardiac muscle. Tight: Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells. Desmosomes: Anchor cells together. Not for communication, just physical. Abundant in tissues subject to mechanical stress.
200
What makes connective tissue different from other tissue types?
It is not defined by its cells, but its extracellular matrix.
200
Describe the different types of cancer.
Least dangerous: Basal cell carcinoma. Most common. Removed and cured 99% of the time. Squamous cell carcinoma: Scalp, ears, hands, lips. Second most common. Develops from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum. Most dangerous: Malignant melanoma. Arises from melanocytes. Black. Resistant to chemotherapy. Spreads quickly.
200
Describe the structure and function of intervertebal discs.
Intervertebral discs are made up of two parts, the anulus fibrosus (outer) and the nucleus pulposus (inner). The anulus fibrosus is composed of fibrocartilage and collagen. The nucleus pulposus gives the disc elasticity and compressibility. IV discs are found between vertebrae.
200
What are the three regions of a hip bone? Describe the special features of each region.
Ilium - iliac crest, iliac fossa, auricular surface Ischium - ischial tuberosities, body, ramus Pubis - inferior and superior ramus, body, pubic symphysis
300
What are the different types of solutions related to osmosis and tonicity? Describe them.
Hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, hypertonic solution.
300
How many types of cartilage are there? Name them and describe them.
3. Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.
300
Name the cells of the epidermis and their function.
Keratinocytes: produce a fibrous protein called keratin. Melanocytes: makes up 10-25% of cells in the lower epidermis. Produce the pigment melanin. Tactile/Merkel cells: fine touch receptors. Epidermal dendritic/Langerhans cells: macrophages that help activate the immune system.
300
Describe the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
Osteoporosis: Loss of bone mass - inorganic AND organic material. It is caused by an imbalance of bone formation (resorption is faster than deposit). Major risks: lack of estrogen, lack of calcium. immobility, etc. Best prevention/treatment: Weight-bearing exercise.
300
Name the two girdles. What bones make up each girdle?
Pectoral/shoulder girdle - scapula, clavicle Pelvic/hip girdle - hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
400
What are the different types of ion channels in the plasma membrane?
Leakage/nongated channels, gated channels (chemically-gated, voltage-gated, mechanically gated).
400
Describe the difference between mucous and serous membranes.
Mucous membranes: line body cavities that are open to the exterior. Examples: digestive, respiratory. Serous membranes: Found in closed body cavities. Examples: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral and parietal serosae.
400
Name the major functions of the skin.
Chemical barrier, physical barrier, biological barrier, thermoregulation, sensation, metabolism, blood reservoir, excretion.
400
Describe the general features of each region of vertebrae.
Cervical: bifid spinous processes, transverse foramen in the transverse processes, triangular vertebral foramina Thoracic: long spinous processes, articulate with ribs (facets) Lumbar: flat, hatchet-shaped spinous processes, short/thick pedicles and lamina
400
How do we classify joints functionally? Structurally?
Functionally: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis Structurally: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
500
Describe the phases of an action potential sequence.
RMP, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, sodium-potassium pump.
500
Name and describe the different types of connective tissue proper and name places where they are found.
Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic
500
Name the layers of the epidermis and dermis and describe them.
From superficial to deep: EPIDERMIS: Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale. DERMIS: Papillary layer, reticular layer.
500
How many pairs of ribs do we have? Describe the different types of ribs.
12 pairs. 1-7 are true/vertebrosternal ribs. 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs. 11-12 are floating/vertebral ribs.
500
How many types of synovial joints are there? Name them.
6. Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid/ellipsoidal, saddle, ball-and-socket.