Chapter 4
Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
Biopsy
Superficial layer of the skin composed of stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis
The 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
What are the 4 parts of the axial skeleton
skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column (spine), thoracic (rib) cage
Sutures are an example of what kind of joint
Fibrous joint
What are the 3 germ layers of embryonic tissue?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Waterproof the hair and provide some protection against UV light
Keratin
Infants develop their bones and become less fragile through what process
ossification
Name 3 bones in the orbit
frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine
This type of fibrous joint is found in sockets, such as the gums of your teeth
Gomphoses
This epithelium is simple, but has the appearance of being stratified
Pseudostratified (columnar) epithelium
Epidermal strata that is only found in thick skin
stratum lucidum
Hormone that causes males to grow taller than females during puberty
Testosterone
Bones of the skull are help together by what
Sutures
What are the 3 types of synovial joints
Uniaxial (knee, elbow)
Biaxial (carpal-metacarpal joint)
Multiaxial (hip, shoulder)
This type of gland has no ducts and produces hormones
endocrine gland
A blue coloration of the skin caused by decrease in blood oxygen content
cyanosis
What are the 4 steps of bone remodeling
1. Hematoma formation
2. Callus formation
3. Callus ossification
4. Bone remodeling
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal bones are there
7, 12, 5, 1, 1
Return of a body part to anatomical position is called what
Reposition
Type of cartilage that is found in inter vertebral disks
fibrocartilage
What stimulates an increase in calcium reabsorption
Vitamin D
Describe Calcium Homeostasis
Blood with low Ca2+ causes PTH secretion
PTH stimulates osteoclast to break down bone and return Ca2+ to blood
In kidneys, PTH causes Ca2+ reabsorption from urine and causes Vit D formation
Vit D causes Ca2+ absorption from small intestine to blood
Blood with high Ca2+ causes calcitonin secretion
Calcitonin allows for osteoblast uptake of Ca2+ from blood and deposit into bone
What are the 3 abnormal curvatures of the spine and what do they look like
Lordosis - exaggeration of lumbar
Kyphosis - exaggeration of thoracic
Scoliosis - lateral, often accompanied by kyphosis
The normal working of what joint requires functional dislocation
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)