12. Reproductive Hormones 13. Fluid in the Body
_____ and _____ regulates the menstrual cycle and prepares the body for pregnancy.
estrogen; progesterone
When is dilute urine produced?
When the body is well hydrated = less reabsorption of water in the kidneys.
Dehydration causes the release of more _____, which increases _____ in the collecting ducts, allowing more water to be _____ into the bloodstream and producing _____ _____.
ADH; aquaporins; reabsorbed; concentrated urine
Hypoventilation = _____ in carbon dioxide, causing blood to become more _____ and can result in respiratory _____.
increase; acidic; acidosis
Metabolic acidosis can be cause by _____ _____, renal failure, or _____ _____.
diabetic ketoacidosis; severe diarrhea
Where in the nephron is the final adjustment to water and electrolyte balance, and hormones like ADH made?
Collecting Duct
_____ from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _____ and _____.
GnrH; FSH; LH
When there's _____ _____ in the Extracellular Fluid (ECF concentration is low), the body decreases _____ water reabsorption by reducing ADH release, making kidney collecting ducts less permeable to water (fewer aquaporins) so that more water stays in the filtrate, which gets excreted as dilute urine, and helps lower ECF osmolarity back to normal, preventing cells from swelling. This is a negative feedback loop: _____ ADH means less water pulled _____ into the blood, effectively "turning off" reabsorption to restore balance.
excess water; facultative; less; back
Affects of diuretics on urine volume and concentration:
Diuretics _____ urine volume by reducing water _____ or blocking solute transport, resulting in more dilute urine.
increase; reabsorption
Hyperventilation = _____ in carbon dioxide, causing blood to become more _____ and can result in respiratory _____.
decrease ; alkaline; alkalosis
Where does blood filtration occur?
Glomerulus
What is the typical glomerular hydrostatic pressure in the kidney's glomerulus?
50 mmHg
After ovulation the dominate hormone is _____ while during ovulation the dominate hormone is _____.
Progesterone; LH
The hormone responsible for increasing water permeability in the nephron is __________.
ADH
Compare dilute urine and concentrated urine in terms of water reabsorption:
- Dilute urine occurs with _____ water reabsorption and _____ ADH
- Concentrated urine happens with _____ water reabsorption and _____ ADH
- low; low
- high; high
What is the shift in pH blood called when you retain more bicarbonate?
metabolic alkalosis
What is being filtered from the blood in glomerulus into the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure ______ filtration.
promotes
Estrogen and LH are part of a _____ feedback loop where high _____ levels from a maturing follicle trigger a massive _____ surge, which causes ovulation on day _____.
positive; estrogen; LH; 14
Which cells respond directly to ADH in the nephron?
Principal cells
What does this equation describe ?
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO-3
the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System, it shows carbon dioxide combining with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)
***What is the shift in blood pH called when you get rid of bicarbonate?
metabolic acidosis
Where does the main reabsorption occur within the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
What is the typical glomerular colloid osmotic pressure in the kidney's glomerulus?
30 mmHg
_____ is major hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis (also exists in females)
Testosterone
When ADH lvls are low, the collecting ducts become _____ to water, meaning water is not reabsorbed back into the body, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine
impermeable
The Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate Buffer system crucial for regulating _____ pH in the body.
blood
Excess carbon dioxide causes ____ _____ due to inadequate ventilation, leading to a decrease in blood pH. This can happen due to hypoventilation in conditions like _____ and _____ _____.
respiratory acidosis; COPD; severe asthma
What is being reabsorbed versus secreted by the PCT?
- Absorbed - _____, _____, _____ acids and ions
- Secreted - _____ (helps with the reabsorption of bicarbonate)
- water, glucose, amino
- hydrogen
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure _____ filtration due to the pressure exerted by protein, like _____, in the blood pulling fluid back into the glomerulus.
opposes; albumin
Fill in the percentage:
Intracellular fluid - _____
Extracellular fluid (includes the plasma & IF) - _____
Plasma - _____
Interstitial fluid - _____
60%; 40%; 8%; 32%
Principle cells continue to reabsorb _____ from filtrate causing filtrate solute to decrease while the amount of water stays the same.
ions
When forming more CO2 and H2O, the equation shows that pH is _____ causing blood to become _____.
decreasing; acidic
Deficiency in carbon dioxide causes _____ _____ due to excessive ventilation, leading to a increase in blood pH. This can happen due to hyperventilation caused by _____ and _____ _____.
respiratory alkalosis; anxiety; panic attacks
The nephron loop (_____ __ _____) is where the reabsorption of _____ and _____, contributing to the _____ of urine.
loop of henle; water; sodium; concentration
What is the typical capsular hydrostatic pressure?
10mmHg
What electrolyte regulates how much fluid is inside of the cell or body?
Sodium
What happens to aquaporins during production of dilute urine/low ADH lvls?
they decrease
When forming more H+ and HCO-3, the equation shows the pH _____, causing an increase in blood _____.
rising, alkaline
***What happens when there is an excessive increase in bicarbonate (loss of acids), resulting in an increase in blood pH?
Metabolic alkalosis
Where does the main secretion occur within the nephron?
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Capsular hydrostatic pressure _____ filtration due to the pressure exerted by the fluid in the _____ _____.
opposes; glomerular capsule
Typically dilute urine _____ urine volume.
increases
What dictates the levels of CO2?
Lungs
Metabolic alkalosis can be cause by prolonged _____ or excessive intake of _____.
vomiting; antiacids
What is being secreted versus absorbed in the DCT:
- Selective secretion - _____ & _____ ions
- Absorption - _____, _____, and _____
- potassium; hydrogen
- sodium; chloride; calcium
GCOP & CHP, works _____ GHP to determine the net filtration pressure that drives fluid from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.
against
Low ADH, which is triggered by proper hydration, causes fewer _____ to be inserted into principal cells, making the collecting ducts _____ to water, so more water stays in the filtrate, producing _____ _____
aquaporins; impermeable; dilute urine
What control bicarbonate (HCO-3)?
Kidneys : mainly distal tubule that reclaim H+
***What happens when there is an excessive decrease in bicarbonate (gain of acids), resulting in an decrease in blood pH?
Metabolic acidosis
The DCT is the key site for the fine-tuning of _____ _____ and where _____ cells begin _____ water reabsorption, determining a diluted or a concentrated urine output.
urine concentration; principal; facultative
An _____ in CHP _____ the rate of filtration, known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
increase; reduces