Blood
Which leukocyte is polymorphonuclear and a killer of bacteria?
neutrophils
Where are the pacemaker cells of the heart located?
in the SA node
What is the most common type of capillary? Give at least one example of structures it is in
Continuous, is in skin, muscles, blood brain barrier
What is the first line of defense against foreign threats?
the skin
Why do veins have a larger lumen?
They carry much more blood than arteries and at lower pressure which offers less resistance to blood flow. Flow and resistance have an inverse relationship.
What is the name of the condition where blood does not clot?
Hemophilia
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Stroke volume x HR
In which type of blood vessels are the internal and external elastic lamina present?
In arteries only
What gives rise to the membrane attack complex?
the complement system
Why does the left ventricle have a smaller volume? Think about Boyle's law
Pressure and volume have an inverse relationship. The smaller volume of the left ventricles allows it to have more pressure generated which is need to pump the blood out through the aorta and in the body's circulation.
List leukocytes in descending order of abundance
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
never let monkeys eat bananas
Arrange the flow of the cardiac excitation sequence in order
word bank:
av node, purkinje fibers, internodal pathways, bundle of his, right and left bundle branches, sa node
sa node, internodal pathways, av node, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers
What is the mean arterial pressure of a man with a blood pressure of 130/70?
90 because pulse pressure is 60, 60/3= 20+70
=90
Where do B-cells and T-cells mature?
If someone says they're cold (as in they want blankets) and they have fever, what does that tell you about how long they've had the fever?
It means that they've just gotten the fever. Their body has raised the temperature to a new setpoint and they're trying to warm themselves up to catch up to that temperature.
List the antigens present on type O positive blood
only Rhesus factor antigen (Rh), but there are A and B antibodies
Which step of the cardiac cycle describes the following: Pressure in ventricle is greater than atrium and less than great vessels, constant EDV, both valves closed
Early ventricular systole (isovolumetric contraction)
What triggers the production of renin by the granular cells in the kidney
low blood pressure
Which antibody isotype is the first produced by a newborn?
igM
How does increased sodium uptake in the kidneys caused by aldosterone eventually lead to high blood pressure?
Water follows sodium so there will be an increase in the blood volume, which will eventually lead to higher blood pressure
What process do leukocytes use to slip between endothelial cells?
diapedesis
What induces the release of calcium from RyR (ryanodine receptor)?
Calcium
What two key items are released in the RAAS system?
aldosterone and vasopressin
List the 4 outcomes of negative selection of lymphocytes
receptor editing (correct problem), anergy (take away ability to respond to any antigen), apoptosis (cell death), ignorance (left alone)
How and why would the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) be affected in cases of dehydration?
The mean corpuscular volume measures the average size of a red blood cell. If someone is dehydrated, their plasma volume has shrunk a lot because plasma is 91% water. The red blood cells would then have to give up some of their water content to plasma to make up for it. As a result, the RBCs would get smaller