Tissues
Bones
Muscles
Cells
Misc
100
What are the functions of the epithelial tissue?
Protection and filters
covers and lines
secretes and excretes
players a role in sensory reception.
100
What are the main sutures of the skull?
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
100
What are the three types of muscles and their functions?
Cardiac: involuntary movement of the heart and pumps blood through the body
Skeletal: enables voluntary movement of the limbs
Smooth: involuntary regular movement in internal organs such as digestion, blood vessel constriction, and bladder function
100
Where are goblet cells located?
Intestinal (digestive) and Respiratory tracts
100
If an individual has low levels of calcium in the blood, name two conditions that might occur and explain what each conditions does to the bones.
Osteoporosis: weak, fragile bones
Rickets: weak, soft bones
200
What are the four types of tissues found in the human body?
Epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
200
What is the name, location, and function of the only bone not connected to another?
Name: Hyoid
Location: midline of neck, anteriorly at the base of the mandible
Function: support, enables swallowing, facilitates speech, prevents regurgitation
200
A sarcomere is a basic functional unit of muscle, name the anatomy (parts) of the sarcomere.
actin(thin) filaments are located in the I-band connected to the Z-discs at the borders of the sarcomere
myosin(thick) filaments are located in the A-band attached to the M-line, M-line is in the center of each A-band
Titin(protein) that runs from the Z-disc to the M-line
Myomesin forms the M-line
Dystrophin(protein) connects actin to integral membrane proteins
Nebulin(protein) regulates the assembly of actin
200
Which kind(s) of muscle tissue(s) do not have more than one nucleus per cell and why?
Smooth muscle: has one nuclei per cell
why: it's involuntary and does not need to produce proteins to allow movement
200
Explain passive membrane transport.
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without requiring any cellular energy.
300
A basement membrane can be found where?
Between the epithelium and connective tissue.
300
What are the regions of the spinal cord and how many bones are in each?
cervical:7
thoracic:12
lumbar:5
sacral:5
coccyx:3-5
300
Define flexion and extension.
Flexion: bones are moved closer together (angle decreases)
Extension: bones are moved farther apart (angle increases)
300
What is the difference between osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast?
Osteocyte: a mature bone cell derived from an osteoblast, primarily responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and sensing stress
Osteoblast: creates new bone tissue by producing bone matrix, immature cell
Osteoclast: breaks down old bone tissue through resorption, mature cell
300
Explain the difference between intracellular and extracellular ions and the importance of ion balance.
Intracellular ions: refer to the ions found inside a cell. A primary one being potassium (k+)
Extracellular ions: ions found outside the cell. A primary one being sodium (Na+)
Importance of ion balance: maintaining the balance of ions across the cell membrane is crucial for various cellular functions such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.
400
What is the name of connective tissue fibers that can be stretched considerably without breaking?
Elastic fibers
400
What are the different shapes of bones in the body and give an example of each.
long: femur, radius, ulna, ect.
short: carpals, tarsals, ect.
flat: frontal, parietal, occipital, sternum, ribs, ect.
irregular: coccyx, sacrum, sphenoid, ethmoid, ect.
sesamoid: patella, pisiform, hallux, ect.
400
What is the point of contact between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell/fiber?
Neuromuscular junction
400
There are three main types of RNA, name and define each.
mRNA: a single-stranded RNA that carries coding sequences for protein synthesis. Made in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm
tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes, acts as an adapter molecule that reads the mRNA, and places amino acids in the correct order
rRNA: forms the core of a cell's ribosomes, which are the structures where protein synthesis takes place. rRNA combines proteins to for ribosomes
400
Define isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.
Isotonic: a solution with the same or similar concentration of solute as inside the cell
Hypertonic: high solute concentration, causing cells to shrink when placed in the solution
Hypotonic: low solute concentration, causing cells to swell and burst when placed into the solution
500
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular, dense irregular and elastic
500
Bones are connected through ligaments. Explain the function, structure, and tissue that makes up ligaments.
Function: connect bones, stabilize joints, prevent bones from moving too far/twisting
Structure: bands of tough flexible tissue that contain collagen and elastic fibers
Tissue: fibrous connective tissue
500
Define bursitis.
inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by overuse.
500
What is the structure, function, and location of centrioles?
Structure: barrel-shaped organelles made up of nine microtubules arranged in a circle.
Function: help organize microtubules, which form the cell's skeletal system, and help determine the location of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell
Location: in the cytoplasm of an animal cell near the nuclear envelope
500
Explain catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism: the process by which larger more complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures needed to sustain life. (releases energy)
Anabolism: the process by which smaller, simpler molecules are combined to form larger complex substances. (requires energy)