Intro
What is the correct anatomical position?
Shoulder down
Palms face forward
hands at side
feet at ground
What is central dogma?
DNA (transcription ) to mRNA (translation) to protein
Define tissues
A group of cells that work together to perform a function
3
Define homeostasis.
The process that maintain steady conditions within the human body.
Femoral is _____to popliteal.
Anterior
What is different between gene and allele?
A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making a specific protein or trait (like eye color, height, or blood type).
An allele is a different version or form of a gene that produces variations of that trait (like blue eyes vs. brown eyes).
What shape is pseudostratified epithelia and where do they found?
Uneven lined up layered columnar cells found in trachea.
what is the main tissue type in the hypodermis
adipose
What is the key vocabs in feedback loop?
stimulus, variable, receptor (sensor), effector (target), control center, set points, normal range
List level of organizations and give each level an example.
Chemical: protein filaments
Cellular: neurons
Tissues: epithelial tissue
Organ: lungs
Organ system: lymph system
Organism: human
Factors that increase membrane fluidity.
High temp
More unsaturated fatty acid tails
More cholesterol in low temp environment
What side does things secrete in endocrine?
Apical side that face the lumen (blool vessels)
what connects the epidermis and dermis layer
epidermal ridges and dermal papilla
What is the difference between positive feedback and negative feedback and provide example?
Positive feedback: reinforces change
Ex) blood clotting
Negative feedback: resists change and maintains balance (homeostasis).
Ex) Body temperature
Point out and name the body regions on your face from cranial to caudal order.
Cranial, facial, cephalic, cervical
frontal, orbit ocular, nasal, buccal, octic, oral, mental
Explain how is a protein made and transported from a cell.
DNA (nucleus) → mRNA → Ribosome (protein synthesis) → Rough ER (folding) → Golgi apparatus (modification & packaging) → Vesicle (transport) → Cell membrane (secretion or delivery) by exostosis
what is the function of neuroglia
to protect and support the neuron
what nerve type found in skin senses stretching and why
ruffini corpuscle because it is made of irregular connective tissue which can sense the stretch from muti-direction
Explain the positive feedback loop in skin cut.
This is a positive feedback loop because the response (platelet activation) enhances and accelerates the original process (clot formation) until the wound is sealed.
How does anatomy relate to physiology and define both?
Anatomy:the study of external and internal structures of body and physical relationships among body parts
Physiology: the study of function and how living organisms perform their vital functions
Understanding the structure of a body part helps to understand its function, and vice versa. For example, knowing the shape and arrangement of the heart's valves is essential for understanding how it pumps blood.
Explain the cell junctions in epithelial tissue.
Tight Junction that seals spaces between cells
Adherens Junction that links actin networks for support (cadherins)
Desmosome that is strong “spot welds” between cells (integrins)
Gap Junction that forms communication channels with connexons
what causes scarring
fibrosis of an injury healing
does skin color=race
no
Explain the negative feedback loop in heat exhaustion.
Stimulus – Body temperature rises:
When the body is exposed to high temperatures or intense exercise, the core body temperature increases above the normal range (~37°C or 98.6°F).
Receptor – Temperature sensors detect change:
Thermoreceptors in the skin and brain (especially in the hypothalamus) detect this rise in temperature.
Control center – Hypothalamus response:
The hypothalamus, the brain’s temperature control center, compares the current temperature to the normal set point and activates cooling mechanisms to reduce heat.
Effectors – Cooling mechanisms begin:
Sweat glands produce sweat; as sweat evaporates from the skin, it removes heat.
Blood vessels in the skin dilate (vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow near the skin’s surface so heat can escape.
Response – Body cools down:
These actions help lower body temperature back toward normal.
Negative feedback:
As the body cools, thermoreceptors detect the decrease in temperature, and the hypothalamus reduces the cooling responses (less sweating and vasodilation).