2.1-2.2
Free and enslaved Africans familiar with Iberian culture, where merchants are artisans living in Europe, and spoke Portuguese or Spanish were called _______.
Ladinos
The number of Africans forced onto known voyages of slave ships
12.5 million
__________ was a system where enslaved laborers worked in groups from sunup to sundown and developed work songs with syncopated rhythms to keep the pace of the work.
Gang system
________ is considered socially constructed with no basis on clear biological distinctions.
Race
_________ combined musical traditions of African music with European religious hymns and served as forms of self expression and communication while also reflecting African Americans’ African heritage and American identity.
Spirituals
The second part of the Transatlantic Slave Trade was called ________.
Owning of human beings as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited, is known as _______.
Chattel Slavery
The government formally banned the transatlantic slave trade in 1808. Despite this, the slave population was able to increase through _______.
Childbirth/breeding
_________ were known as mixed race children
Mulattoes
Black people emphasized American identity by rejecting this term
African
This European power first dominated the early slave trade in the 15th century
Portugal
Name at least 2 of the forms of resistance among African captives aboard slave ships
Hunger strikes, attempting to jump overboard rather than live enslaved, and overcoming linguistic differences to form revolts.
The purpose of slave codes was to ___________.
To enforce racial hierarchy (white supremacy) and control enslaved people’s behavior
__________ gave disproportionate representation to slave states
3/5 Compromise/Clause
_______ are names of ethnic groups, racial groups, and nationalities
Ethnonyms
This African-born conquistador traveled to the Americas with Spanish explorers and is recognized as the first recorded African to arrive in North America.
Juan Garrido
Describe one of the features of slave ship diagrams created during the era of the slave trade that abolitionists used to show how enslaved individuals
The exception allowing involuntary servitude as a punishment for crime, which led to practices like convict leasing and disproportionately affected African Americans
_________ was created between North and South in which both benefited from slavery.
Interdependence
_________ classified person with any degree of African descent as part of a singular, inferior status
The One Drop Rule
Name one example of an instrument rooted in West African culture and used in America.
Rattles, banjos, drums
This city was known as the Center of United States slave trading, and was the point of arrival for 48% of all Africans brought directly from Africa
Charleston, South Carolina
Among the enslaved, there was a fear of being sold “down South” or being taken by the “Georgia-man”. Over 1 million African Americans displaced, this was called ___________.
The Second Middle Passage
This Supreme Court decision declared that African Americans, both enslaved and free, could never be U.S. citizens. Chief Justice Taney further ruled that enslaved people were property under the Fifth Amendment, making any law depriving slave owners of their property unconstitutional.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
This 1739 uprising started in South Carolina, where slaves killed 30 white people, with the intent to escape to Florida
Stono Rebellion
_______ blended Christian hymns and biblical themes with African rhythmic and performance elements.
Gospel
These served as historical accounts of the true lives of enslaved Africans in America
Slave narratives
________ gave slaves no legal right to accumulate property
Slave Codes
____________ was a system in which enslaved people worked individually until they met a daily quota, generally less supervision. With less oversight, some enslaved people maintained linguistic practices.
Task System
_________ guarantees return of human property
Fugitive Slave Clause/Act
_______ started to be used in early 20th century by Black organizations, artists and intellectuals. It was also used through the Civil Rights movement.
Negro
Nearly half of those taken from Africa were composed of captives from these contemporary African regions
Senegambia & Angola
The Slave-Cotton System dominated the lower South and was fueled by the introduction of this invention during the Industrial Revolution
Cotton Gin
Name one example of a specialized skill that enslaved people brought from Africa
Blacksmithing, basket weaving, cultivation of rice and indigo.
________ defined racial categories and tied them to rights and status in order to perpetuate slavery over generations.
Partus sequitur ventrem
_________ originated in rural areas of the Deep South. It was a simple narrative of rhymed ballads, incorporating spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, and chants. W.C. Handy was the father of this genre of music.
Blues