People to Know!
This African-born conquistador traveled to the Americas with Spanish explorers and is recognized as the first recorded African to arrive in North America.
Who is Juan Garrido?
Owning of human beings as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited, is known as.....
What is chattel slavery?
Name one common form of everyday (covert) resistance used by enslaved people.
What is working slowly or deliberately, feigning illness, sabotaging tools or equipment, misplacing items, learning to read and write in secret, or sustaining and creating culture?
This concept is socially constructed and classifications emerged in tandem with systems of oppression and that greater genetic variation occurs within rather than between groups
What is race
This Supreme Court decision declared that African Americans, both enslaved and free, could never be U.S. citizens. Chief Justice Taney further ruled that enslaved people were property under the Fifth Amendment, making any law depriving slave owners of their property unconstitutional.
What is Dred Scott v. Sandford?
This formerly enslaved African authored a narrative published in 1789 detailing his experiences, including the horrors of the Middle Passage, which served as a historical account and political text designed to end the slave trade.
Who was Olaudah Equiano
This internal slave trade saw the forced relocation of enslaved people from the Upper South to newly established cotton plantations in the Deep South, transforming the economies of both regions.
What is the Second Middle Passage? or the Domestic Slave Trade
Domestic wars between West African kingdoms were at times exacerbated by the prevalence of this item, which African kingdoms received from trade with Europeans, increasing the monetary incentive to enslave neighboring societies
What were firearms
African captives aboard slave ships staged these collective acts of resistance, often risking immediate death, which included actions such as jumping overboard and initiating organized battles against the crew
What are revolts?
Slave codes were laws designed to control the lives of enslaved people and limit their freedoms. Name one common restriction imposed by these codes.
What is:
- prohibition on learning to read and write
- restrictions on movement without a pass
-bans on gathering in groups
- curfews
-prohibitions on owning weapons
-a requirement for permission to marry
- severe punishments for attempting escape
- restrictions on practicing certain religions
Who said it? & Name of speech
"Fellow-citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to speak here to-day? What have I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in that Declaration of Independence, extended to us? and am I, therefore, called upon to bring our humble offering to the national altar, and to confess the benefits and express devout gratitude for the blessings resulting from your independence to us? "
Who is Frederick Douglass? What is What, To The Slave, Is The Fourth Of July?
This organization, founded by white leaders seeking to exile the growing free Black population to Africa, was a white-led effort that spurred many Black people to reject the term “African” in favor of asserting their American identity
What was the African Colonization Society
Aboard slave ships, African captives utilized strategies like staging hunger strikes, attempting to jump overboard, and overcoming language barriers to organize these collective acts of resistance
What were slave revolts
This creole language, developed by enslaved African Americans and combining elements from West African and European languages, was often maintained in the Carolina lowcountry under the task system
What is Gullah
"that which is born follows the womb" - Name & Meaning
What is Partus Sequitur Ventrem? Children would inherit the status of the mother
This formerly enslaved woman authored Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), which became the first narrative published by an enslaved African American woman and emphasized themes of domestic life and constant vulnerability to sexual violence.
Who was Harriet Jacobs
Circulated by Black and white antislavery activists in the 18th and 19th centuries, these documents, such as Stowage of the British Slave Ship Brookes, were used to raise awareness of the dehumanizing conditions of the Middle Passage
What are slave ship diagrams
National meetings called annually through 1835 and occasionally thereafter, black leaders built networks. They discussed and debated the state of their communities and what they could do to improve them. They framed resolutions and undertook projects that sought to elevate the status of free blacks and to promote abolitionism.
What is the Black convention movement or Colored Conventions?
This political literary genre, exemplified by the firsthand accounts of authors like Olaudah Equiano, was designed to counter enslavers' claims that slavery was a benign institution and to advance the cause of abolition
What are slave narratives?
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Lincoln in 1863, declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate states. However, it did not apply to...? & Explain why.
Who are enslaved people in the border states or Union-controlled areas? The Proclamation only targeted states in rebellion, so it did not apply to loyal border states like Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware. Lincoln wanted to keep these states from joining the Confederacy.
This enslaved woman, born of a white father and an enslaved Black mother, became the first Black woman in North America to sue for her freedom and win in 1656
Who was Elizabeth Key
The third and "final" part of the journey enslaved Africans endured involved being quarantined, resold, and transported domestically within the Americas, often taking as long as the first part and the Middle Passage combine
What is the "final passage."
Spirituals often contained hidden messages or themes meant to communicate resistance or a desire for freedom. Name a common theme or coded message found in many spirituals. *
What is "Drinking Gourd" (the Big Dipper, which pointed toward the North), "Pharaoh" (symbolizing the oppressive system), "Chariot" (symbolizing deliverance or freedom), or "Deliverance" (the hope of freedom or the Promised Land - northern states, Canada, etc.)?
This term refers to the first free and enslaved Africans to arrive in the territory that became the United States in the early 16th century, signifying their familiarity with Iberian culture
What are ladinos
The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery in the United States with one major exception
What is the exception allowing involuntary servitude as a punishment for crime, which led to practices like convict leasing and disproportionately affected African Americans?