Reconstruction Amendments
The 14th Amendment definitively established this legal status for all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
What is citizenship?
This 1896 Supreme Court ruling established the discriminatory legal doctrine of "separate but equal."
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
This educator and head of the Tuskegee Institute controversially advocated for industrial training and economic self-help before demanding equal rights.
Who is Booker T. Washington?
She published The Red Record to draw intense national and international attention to the horrific scale of lynchings in the South.
Who is Ida B. Wells?
Seeking to escape Jim Crow violence and find economic opportunity, roughly 6 million African Americans moved North in this mass demographic shift.
What is the Great Migration?
The 15th Amendment granted voting rights to Black men, leading to the election of Hiram Revels to this political body in 1870.
What is the U.S. Senate?
Enacted immediately after the Civil War in 1865 and 1866, these restrictive state laws sought to control the labor and movement of freed African Americans.
What are Black Codes?
In The Souls of Black Folk, W.E.B. Du Bois famously stated that the problem of the Twentieth Century was the problem of this structural divide.
What is the color line?
Founded in 1896 by leaders like Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, this organization operated under the motto "Lifting as We Climb."
What is the National Association of Colored Women (NACW)?
This Jamaican-born leader founded the UNIA and heavily promoted Black Nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and economic self-sufficiency.
Who is Marcus Garvey?
This crucial clause within the 14th Amendment prevents states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process.
What is equal protection under the law?
Through this corrupt system, Southern prisons profited by forcing African American men to work for landowners under slave-like conditions.
What is convict leasing?
Du Bois coined this specific term to describe the psychological conflict of having a dual identity as both a "Negro and an American."
What is double-consciousness?
This prominent educator, suffragist, and church leader founded a national school for women and girls in Washington, D.C. in 1909.
Who is Nannie Helen Burroughs?
This 1933 book by Carter G. Woodson criticized how U.S. schools intentionally excluded Black history to reinforce ideas of inferiority.
What is The Mis-Education of the Negro?
Because the 15th Amendment only protected race, Black women faced the complex challenge of choosing between racial and gender progress, an early example of this concept.
What is intersectionality?
The Reconstruction era was effectively dismantled following a backdoor political deal surrounding the contested presidential election of this year.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
W.E.B. Du Bois helped found this major civil rights organization and served as its very first Black Executive Secretary.
What is the NAACP?
Ida B. Wells forcefully integrated the 1913 Woman Suffrage Parade in D.C. as a representative of this pioneering Chicago club she founded.
What is the Alpha Suffrage Club?
This cultural explosion of Black art, literature, and music in the 1920s is also known by historians as the "New Negro Movement."
What is the Harlem Renaissance?
Joseph Rainey made history in 1870 as the first African American elected to this specific congressional chamber.
What is the House of Representatives?
To bypass the 15th Amendment, Southern states implemented these two specific disenfranchisement tactics to stop Black men from voting.
What are poll taxes and literacy tests?
Founded by Du Bois in 1905, this civil rights group vehemently opposed Booker T. Washington's gradualist approach and demanded immediate equality.
What is the Niagara Movement?
This anti-imperialist communist heavily highlighted the intersections of race, class, and gender, pioneering the "triple oppression theory."
Who is Claudia Jones?
During the Red Summer of 1919, this Jamaican-American poet famously called for armed self-defense in his poem "If We Must Die."
Who is Claude McKay?