Legislation
This amendment abolished slavery except as punishment for a crime
13th amendment
The creation of these transformed African Americans’ access to higher education and professional training
HBCUs
A prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, and was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.
Booker T. Washington
This concept describes the internal conflict African Americans experienced navigating Black identity in a white-dominated society.
Double Consciousness
This song is known as the African American National Anthem
"Lift Every Voice and Sing"
Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S. (including formerly enslaved people) and guaranteeing all citizens "equal protection of the laws" and "due process" from state governments
14th amendment
Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management
Freedman's Bureau, 1865
An African American writer, teacher, sociologist and activist whose work transformed the way that the lives of Black citizens were seen in American society.
W.E.B Du Bois
W.E.B Du Bois famously declared that “the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the _________.” A barrier—created by custom, law, and economic differences—that separated whites from nonwhites. The division of black society and white society into two different and unequal worlds.
Color Line
After emancipation, many African Americans searched for relatives by _________.
Using Black newspapers and churches
This amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
15th Amendment
Founded in 1909, it used legal challenges to combat segregation and protect Black voting rights.
NAACP
The author of the poem “We Wear the Mask,” which represents the false emotions a person might “wear” in front of other people
Paul Lawrence Dunbar
A book of essay's written by W. E. B. DuBois to challenge Booker T. Washington's views on race relations in US. In 1905, Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement as an organized response to Booker T. Washington's policies of accommodation and conciliation. The Niagara Movement aimed to counteract Washington's influence over the black community and in its manifesto declared its intention to "claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social."
The Souls of Black Folks
This HBCU was established in (Ohio, 1856), founded by AME church leaders, and was the first university fully owned and operated by African Americans.
Wilberforce University
These laws were passed by Southern states immediately after the Civil War to control Black labor and behavior.
Black Codes
Founded in 1896, this organization united Black women across the United States to promote education, fight racial discrimination, and improve social conditions in African American communities.
National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
This person was lauded as "the first black woman millionaire in America" for her successful line of hair care products. (1867-1919)
Madam C.J. Walker (Sarah Breedlove)
The period African American Studies scholars refer to as the period between the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of World War II
Nadir
This was African Americans' response to Jim Crow laws and racial violence in the South
The Great Migration
This 1896 Supreme Court case upheld “separate but equal.”
Plessy v. Ferguson
Marcus Garvey, an Afro-Caribbean migrant, founded this group in 1914 to promote Black economic independence and Pan-Africanism.
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Singers from Tennessee introduced the spirituals to the northern states and to Europe
Fisk Jubilee Singers
This ideology was strengthened by Afro-Caribbean migrants—such as Marcus Garvey—who brought transnational perspectives that emphasized global Black unity, shared African heritage, and collective liberation.
Pan-Africanism
Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South--> ended Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
The legal enforcement of segregation (through Jim Crow laws).
De jure segregation
Founded in 1816 as the first Black Christian denomination in the United States, this organization provided education, political organizing, and community leadership outside of white control
African Methodist Episcopal Church
This person was born to slave parents in Mississippi; journalist the championed civil rights; fought for equality of women and African Americans; began anti-lynching campaign and got involved with women's suffrage movement; With Jane Addams she fought to end segregated schools; later one of founders of NAACP; became one of first African Americans to run for public office
Ida B. Wells
This was worn by African Americans, representing literal segregation. African Americans can see and understand white society, not fully understood in return
The Veil
A credit system that tied farmers to merchants through debt
Crop Lien System