Macromolecules of Life
The bond that links amino acids.
What is a peptide bond?
Organelle responsible for packaging and sorting proteins.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Substances move against their concentration gradient using this type of transport.
What is active transport?
The monomer of nucleic acids.
What is a nucleotide?
This structural polysaccharide is found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
What is chitin?
The covalent bond between two monosaccharides.
What is a glycosidic linkage?
This theory explains mitochondria and chloroplast origins.
What is the endosymbiont theory?
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water is known as this.
What is tonicity?
Hemoglobin has four polypeptides. This level of protein structure is being described.
What is quaternary structure?
These large structures in plants store ions and maintain turgor pressure.
What are central vacuoles?
The three classes of macromolecules that are true polymers.
What are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?
The DNA-containing region of a prokaryotic cell.
What is the nucleoid?
Fish in cold environments adapt their membrane composition by increasing this type of fatty acid tail.
What are unsaturated fatty acid tails?
Hollow tubes that guide chromosome movement during cell division.
What are microtubules?
Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells is driven by interactions between actin and this protein.
What is myosin?
This storage polysaccharide is found in plants and comes in forms like amylose.
What is starch?
Cell junctions that prevent fluid leakage between animal cells.
What are tight junctions?
Paramecia in hypotonic environments survive by using this organelle for osmoregulation.
What is the contractile vacuole?
Plant cells can communicate and share resources via these channeled connections.
What are plasmodesmata?
The Na⁺/K⁺ pump moves sodium and potassium in what ratio, and how does this contribute to membrane potential?
What is 3 Na⁺ out for every 2 K⁺ in, creating a net negative charge inside the cell?
Disulfide bridges are strong covalent bonds that stabilize this protein level.
What is tertiary structure?
This process allows lysosomes to recycle the cell’s own organelles.
What is autophagy?
The process in which the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss is called this.
What is plasmolysis?
This term describes molecules like phospholipids that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
What is amphipathic?
Vesicle formation in receptor-mediated endocytosis begins in specialized regions of the membrane known as these.
What are coated pits?