Metabolic Pathways
Metabolism is the totality of an organism's _______ reactions.
What are chemical?
The capacity to cause change, especially to do work.
What is energy?
ATP stands for this.
What is adenosine triphosphate?
Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
What are enzymes?
The process by which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.
What is feedback inhibition?
These pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
What are catabolic pathways?
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The process by which ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate, releasing energy.
What is hydrolysis?
The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on.
What is a substrate?
These molecules can increase enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme at a site other than the active site.
What are allosteric activators?
Pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones are known as this.
What are anabolic pathways?
This law states that every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one is known as this.
What is coupling?
The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
What is the active site?
These molecules can decrease enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme at a site other than the active site.
What are allosteric inhibitors?
The molecule that cells use to store and transfer energy.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
What is free energy?
The term for the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often making it more reactive.
What is phosphorylation?
This model describes how an enzyme changes shape slightly to better fit the substrate.
What is induced fit?
The type of enzyme regulation where the binding of one substrate molecule increases the enzyme's affinity for subsequent substrate molecules.
What is cooperativity?
A metabolic pathway that releases energy by oxidizing organic molecules in the presence of oxygen.
What is cellular respiration?
A process that can occur without an input of energy.
What is a spontaneous process?
ATP is regenerated by the addition of a phosphate group to this molecule.
What is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)?
Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their catalytic activity.
What are cofactors?
The spatial organization of enzymes and metabolic pathways within the cell.
What is enzyme compartmentalization?