Chapter 27
This term describes the process by which sensory systems convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical signals that the nervous system can interpret.
What is sensory transduction?
An endocrine glands located at the base of the brain composed of an anterior and a posterior region; also called hypophysis.
What is the pituitary gland?
These three chemical classes--one that's lipid soluble and two that are water soluble--are how hormones are categorized based on their structure and how they interact with target cells.
What are lipid-derived, amino acid-derived and peptide hormones?
The layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye.
These are the three fundamental designs of skeletal systems that support, project and enable movement in animals, ranging from fluid filled compartments to hard internal frameworks.
This mixed sensory category includes all sensation received from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs and joints, such as touch, temperature and pain.
What is somatosensation?
Part of the ear that consists of the auricle, ear canal and tympanum.
What is the outer ear?
This describes the mechanism by which hormones trigger changes in target cells either by entering the cell to affect gene transcription or by binding to receptors on the plasma membrane to activate second messengers.
What is hormone receptor-mediating signaling?
A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels.
What is insulin?
This mineralized connective tissue forms the rigid framework of the skeleton, comes in compact and spongy forms and includes cells like osteoblasts and osteocytes that help with formation and maintenance.
What is bone (osseous) tissue?
These are the five primary taste sensations humans can detect, each with its own specific receptor type.
What are sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami?
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk let-down in the mammary glands.
What is oxytocin?
These chemical messengers help maintain internal balance by controlling processes such as water balance, blood glucose levels, growth and stress response through feedback mechanisms.
What are hormones?
A bony structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information.
What is a labyrinth?
This type of joint is characterized by a fluid filled cavity that allows the greatest range of motion and includes subtypes like hinge, pivot and ball and socket.
What are synovial joints?
This could inner ear structure contains hair cells that convert pressure waves into electrical signals for hearing and also connects with the vestibular organs that detect balance.
What is the cochlea?
An endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone insulin.
What is a beta cell?
This common control mechanism maintains hormone levels within a narrow range by using the hormone's own effects to reduce further release when enough has been produced.
What is negative feedback?
Muscle tissue found only in the heart; cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure.
What is cardiac muscle?
This molecular mechanism explains how muscles shorten during contraction when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, powered by ATP and initiated by neutral signals.
What is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?
These specialized cells in the retina are responsible for converting light into neural signals and include types that detect dim light and those that enable vision.
What are rods and cones?
Movement downward of a bone, such as after the shoulders are shrugged and the scapulae return to their normal position from and elevated position; opposite of elevation.
This term refers to specialized organs such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis.
What are endocrine glands?
What is a flat bone?
This organ system provides structural support, protects internal organs, enables movement through the intersection of bones and muscles and includes components such as bones, joints and skeletal muscles.
What is the musculoskeletal system?