Cellular Energetics
Explain the cause of fermentation and the its products in both plants and animals
Cause: no oxygen to act as final electron acceptor in ETC, NAD must be regenerated for Glycolysis to continue
Plants: ethanol, CO2
animals: lactic acid
Explain how cell division is regulated, including specific proteins.
Cyclins and Cdks determine whether or not a cell passes checkpoints.
G1: can DNA replicate?
G2: was DNA replicated correctly?
M: can sister chromatids separate?
Explain how operons are turned off and on
Repressor protein binds to the promoter region and block RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon genes.
Explain endosymbiosis theory
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria were originally independent cellular organisms that were absorbed by eukaryotic cells. Plant and animal cells evolved to contain plastids because they provided an efficient energy source.
Explain the equation for photosynthesis, including where all inputs and products came from.
light, 6CO2, 6H2O ——-> C6H12O6, 6O2
light: energy captured via chlorophyll pigment
CO2: enter through open stomates
H2O: enter plant via roots
C6H12O6: carbon fixation by RUBISCO in Calvin cycle
O2: splitting water in ETC
Explain the process of signal transduction in neurons, including neurotransmitters.
Cell membrane becomes depolarized by K ions diffusing out and Na ions diffusing in; neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft and reabsorbed or degraded.
Explain the different types of mutations and their effect.
Point: one base substitution; wrong amino acid/ early stop codon
Frameshift: insertion/ deletion of a base; creates a partially or completely dysfunctional protein depending on where the mutation occurs
Explain what inhibits gene flow in hybrid offspring
Hybrid offspring are either not viable or infertile, meaning they cannot reproduce and pass on their genes.
Draw the structure in leaves that regulate gas exchange.
Stomate/guard cell open and close to release oxygen and take in CO2
Draw a diagram showing how g-coupled protein receptors work in signal transduction.
A signal molecule binds to g-coupled protein receptors, g-protein binds causes release of secondary messenger.
Draw a replication fork and include the major proteins involved in DNA replication.
Leading and lagging strand, Primase, Helicase, DNA Polymerase, Topoisomerase.
Draw a cladogram from the following species: human, chimp, dog, shark, fish, tree.
Group 1: a) human, chimp
b) dog
Group 2: a) shark, fish
Outgroup: tree
Act out the motion of the element of the electron transport chain that creates ATP.
ATP Synthase: spinning motion phosphorylates ADP
Act out Paracrine signaling
Cells send signals to adjacent cells (for example, nerve signaling)
Act out the process that allows bacteria cells to transcribe genetic information not from their own genome.
Transformation- one bacteria cell extends an arm out to another nearby cell and inserts a plasmid.
Act out one animal behavior that can cause sympatric speciation
Different mating calls/ dances lead to different sexual selection patterns which can cause speciation.