Unit 1
Name three molecules that have the formula C6H12O6
alpha-glucose
beta-glucose
fructose
Describe the phospholipid bilayer:
1. What are the components of a phospholipid?
2. Which parts are polar/nonpolar?
3. Where does each part face?
Polar head faces outward/toward the environment/toward the cell
Nonpolar tails face inward/toward each other
This type of energy is lowered by an enzyme
Activation energy
Epinephrine is an example of a hormone, which means it is an example of a __________.
Ligand
Draw and label a rough sketch of a nucleotide.
Should include 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
Follow up: how can you tell if this is DNA or RNA?
You analyze an unknown sample of macromolecules. In this samples, you have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur. What kind of macromolecule is present?
Protein
Describe an example of cellular transport that requires energy in relation to the concentration of molecules on either side of the membrane.
active transport requires energy to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Follow up: where does this energy come from?
What is it called when ATP is split into ADP and a Phosphate to power another reaction
ATP Hydrolysis
This is the pathway that an animal cell will do direct signaling through
gap junction
Which set of base pairs form a more stable bond and why?
C and G because they are held together by 3 Hydrogen bonds instead of 2, like A and T are
DNA: Deoxyribose
RNA: Ribose
This is the name of the theory supported by the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane
endosymbiotic theory
In order to supply an electron transport chain, electrons must come from which molecule in photosynthesis?
Water
How might a drug be used to inhibit a cell signaling pathways?
Drug binding to the receptor so the ligand can no longer bind
(or changing the receptor's shape)
How is ATP made?
ATP synthase uses the energy created from protons flowing down their concentration gradient to store that energy in the bond between ADP and Pi
Explain how hydrogen bonds are formed between water molecules.
Partial positive of one water molecule's Hydrogen is attracted to partial negative of another water molecule's Oxygen.
Follow up: How do these partial charges form
This type of cell does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material
Prokaryotic cell (will also take bacteria)
If you increase the permeability of a membrane, what will happen to ATP production?
Decrease/stop entirely
Follow up: what is generated, usually, from the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation?
Plasmodesmata
Which of these cells is more efficient:
Cell 1: Volume - 30, Surface area - 35
Cell 2: Volume - 2, Surface area - 8
Cell 2
A chemical binds to a protein composed of a SINGLE Polypeptide chain and prevents the formation of an alpha helix. Which protein structures will be affected by this chemical?
Secondary and Tertiary
If a eukaryotic cell is unable to break down waste, resulting in a build up of that waste, what organelle is likely not working properly?
Lysosome
Catalase hydrolyzes H2O2 into H2O and O2. As the reaction progresses, what will happen to the reaction rate?
Decrease
This is the process of amplifying a cell signal once the signal has reached the inside of the cell and is traveling through the cytoplasm
transduction
Which stage of the cell cycle is used for storing up energy to prepare for DNA replication?
G1