Chemistry of Life
This property of water allows it to stick to itself and is responsible for surface tension.
What is cohesion?
This organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
What is the mitochondria?
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
What is photosynthesis?
These proteins regulate the progression of the cell cycle.
What are cyclins?
During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced when this molecule is split in the light-dependent reactions.
What is water (H₂O)?
These macromolecules serve as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules in cells.
What are proteins?
The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for this function.
What is selective permeability?
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in this part of the chloroplast.
What is the stroma?
A cell must pass this checkpoint before proceeding from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle.
What is the G1 checkpoint?
This type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the allosteric site rather than the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape.
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
What are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
These structures are the protein-making factories of the cell.
What are ribosomes?
The first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks glucose into pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
This process ensures that daughter cells have the correct number of chromosomes.
What is mitosis?
This type of feedback regulation amplifies a response instead of maintaining homeostasis, as seen in blood clotting.
What is positive feedback?
This type of reaction forms polymers by removing a molecule of water.
What is dehydration synthesis?
Some organelles have a double membrane and their own circular DNA, providing evidence for this theory about their evolutionary origins.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
ATP production occurs through this process when oxygen is present.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
This phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes, ensuring proper segregation.
What is metaphase?
In an experiment measuring enzymatic reaction rates, what two variables would most directly affect the rate?
What are temperature and pH?
These molecules can act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed.
What are enzymes?
These structures, made of microtubules, help separate chromosomes during mitosis.
What are spindle fibers (or the mitotic spindle)?
The enzyme responsible for synthesizing ATP by using a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.
What is ATP synthase?
This type of cellular signaling involves a molecule binding to a receptor on the same cell that secreted it.
What is autocrine signaling?
This experiment simulated early Earth conditions to test the origin of life.
What is the Miller-Urey experiment?