Chemistry of Life
Cell Structure and Function
Cellular Energetics
Cell Communication and Cell Cycle
Heredity(meiosis)
Gene Expression and Regulation
Natural Selection
Ecology
100
The 4 Macromolecules are __.
What is Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
100
A __ cell is characterized by having DNA in a nucleus that is bound by a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic
100
What three letters do enzymes typically end in?
What is -ase.
100
This type of signal molecule would require an extracellular receptor.
polar
water soluble
hydrophilic
100
The gene for tall (T) is dominant over dwarf (t) in pea plants. In the P generation a true breeding tall plant was crossed with a dwarf. Then the F1 offspring was crossed. Give the phenotypic probabilities of the F2 generation.
Tall - 75%
Dwarf - 25%
100
What is transcription?
DNA strands are turned into mRNA strands
100
Define Fitness
What is a term used to describe the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment?
100
Name two levels of organization above populations and explain the difference between them.
What are community and ecosystem
200
Water gets its polarity from...
What is oxygen unequally sharing electrons in its bond with hydrogen. Oxygen is highly electronegative.
200
The ______ ___________ in the cell allows the cell to separate its chemical exchanges with its environment, while controlling what can enter and leave.
What is plasma or cell membrane
200
What does a catalyst do in a reaction?
What is lower the activation energy requirement. Thus speeding up the rate of reaction.
200
When an initial signal is amplified, this would occur in what step of cell communication
Transduction
200
Connect a Punnett square to meiosis.
The alleles on the outside of the Punnett square are separated during gamete formation of meiosis.
200
Explain what a silent mutation is and how it relates to the "wobble"
Change in DNA that still codes for the same amino acid. The wobble is the 3rd letter of a codon and if this letter changes, it will often still code for the same amino acid.
200
Name 3 of the 5 big ideas of evolution.
Individuals do not evolve!! Populations do
Environment drives natural selection
Natural Selection is NOT a creative force, it is an editing mechanism
Evolution only acts on inheritable traits
Speciation requires reproductive isolation
200
You use this calculation to measure biodiversity with a given sample.
Simpson's Biodiversity index.
300
Water molecules adhere to other surfaces because of __. Short explanation.
What is polarity refers to the unequal distribution of charge within the water molecule. Because of this, it is more easily attracted to other surfaces.
300
This property of a molecule would allow it to perform simple diffusion across the cell membrane. Why is that the case?
non-polar, lipid soluble, hydrophobic
Because the core of the membrane is made from lipids that share these properties
300
More surface area in the mitochondrial matrix means more what?
What is efficiency.
OR
More area for reactions to take place. More chemiosmosis and electron transport.
300
What type of cell signaling is always sent through the bloodstream (long distance)?
What is endocrine using hormones
300
Name the 3 processes in meiosis that creates variation in cells?
crossing-over
independent-assortment
Random fertilization
300
Name two things involved in mRNA processing.
Addition of poly-A-tail & GTP cap
Introns
Exons
Splicing
300
Brown hair (B) is dominant to blonde hair (b). If there are 168 brown haired people in a population of 200: Calculate the frequency of heterozygotes in the population
2pq=.48
300
In a logistic growth curve, as population nears K, what happens to growth rate?
decreases
400
10 monomers join to form a polymer through the process of dehydration synthesis, how many water molecules form?
What is 9
400
Compare and contrast passive and active transport using examples of each.
Could be a multitude of answers, should include: passive diffusion, aquaporin, channel protein, transport/carrier protein, pump protein (only one required per type of transport)
400
What is the name of the region of an enzyme where noncompetitive inhibitor molecules bind to stop an enzyme from acting on its substrate?
What is allosteric site.
400
How many chromatids are present towards the end of metaphase of mitosis in a complex organism such as Balaenoptera musculus (blue whale) with a diploid chromosome number of 44?
What is 88.
400
Give the probability of getting the offspring genotype, aaBbCcDdEe, from this cross:
AaBbCcddEe x AabbCcDdEe
1/4*1/2*1/2*1/2*1/2=1/64
400
What is an operon used for? What type of organisms have them.
To regulate other genes, "on-off" switch for genes. These are specifically found in prokaryotes.
400
A theory proposing that chloroplasts/plastids and mitochondria were once prokaryotes that were engulfed into eukaryotic cells and both mutually benefitted so they stayed there. Also include one piece of evidence for this theory.
What is Endosymbiotic Theory?
Similarities in inner membrane structures and functions
Both have their own circular DNA that they can replicate
Replicate by binary fission
Have their own tRNA and ribosomes
400
Explain the competitive exclusion principle and niche partitioning.
Competition is when organisms have overlapping niches and try to use the same resources
Competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place therefore one will be excluded
Instead niche partitioning usually occurs where species end up sectioning off resources or areas to avoid competition. Therefore they inhabit different niches and areas within the ecosystem.
500
Students running a food analysis lab find that a food particle contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. It is most likely a __ (Macromolecule)
What is a protein; Carbohydrates and lipids do not contain nitrogen. Nucleic acids do contain nitrogen, but also contain phosphorus from their phosphate group in the nucleotide. Amino acids (the monomer of proteins) contain nitrogen in the amine group.
500
Explain the progression a secretory protein would take from synthesis to secretion in a glandular cell.
Synthesized by a ribosome. Complete conformation and processed by Rough ER. Vesicle to golgi. Golgi packs up and flags for secretion. Vesicle to cell membrane. Exocytosis. This is the Endomembrane system!
500
In which reaction are the thylakoids photosystem I and II in?
What is light dependent reactions
500
The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone) into the bloodstream in response to low blood calcium levels. PTH signals the bones to release stored calcium into the bloodstream. What type of feedback controls the regulation and secretion of PTH?
What is negative feedback loop.
Explanation:
The regulation and secretion of PTH is controlled by a negative feedback loop, where low blood calcium levels trigger the release of PTH to increase blood calcium levels, which in turn inhibits further PTH release until calcium levels are restored to normal.
500
An organism has a diploid number of 32. How many different chromosomal combinations are possible in this organism from independent assortment?
216=65536
500
What protein joins fragments in the lagging strand? Why is this needed more on that strand?
Ligase
That strand is synthesized in Okazaki fragments.
500
What is the difference between the Ray-finned fish and the Amphibians? What is the outgroup? Name a monophyletic group. What is the closest relative to the amphibians?
Four Limbs
Sharks
500
Which animal would have an immediate major change in population in the grasshopper population went extinct?
The rat species.