A Tour of the Cell
This organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it produces most of the cell's ATP.
What is the Mitochondria?
This model describes the cell membrane as a flexible, "wave-like" structure with proteins embedded throughout.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
These biological molecules speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
What are enzymes?
This molecule is broken down during cellular respiration to release energy.
What is glucose?
This green pigment absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
What is chlorophyll?
These molecules carry signals from one cell to another and bind to specific receptors.
What are ligands?
This process produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
What is mitosis?
Cilia increase this for a cell.
What is surface area?
These molecules make up the main structure of the cell membrane and have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What are phospholipids?
This molecule is considered the primary energy currency of the cell.
What is ATP?
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
What are the light reactions?
This stage of cell signaling converts an external signal into a series of molecular changes inside the cell.
What is transduction?
During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for division.
What is S Phase?
These organelles capture light energy, allowing for the production of sugars.
What are chloroplasts?
This type of transport moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration without using cellular energy.
What is passive transport?
These reactions require energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.
What are anabolic reactions?
This stage of cellular respiration takes place along the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces most of the ATP.
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
This gas is released as a byproduct when water molecules are split during the light reactions.
What is oxygen?
This receptor protein activates a G-Protein, producing a linear signal transduction pathway.
What is a GCPR?
During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What is metaphase?
These two types of cells differ because one has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles while the other does not.
What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
This type of transport uses membrane proteins to help molecules cross the membrane without ATP.
What is facilitated diffusion?
These reactions release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.
What are catabolic reactions?
This molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration.
What is Oxygen?
This stage of photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to produce G3P.
What is the Calvin Cycle?
This molecule acts as a second messenger in many signaling pathways and is produced from ATP by adenylyl cyclase.
What is cAMP?
This process divides the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
What is cytokinesis?
These structures are responsible for protein synthesis and can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
What are ribosomes?
This process occurs when water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
What is osmosis?
This is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to begin.
What is the Activation Energy?
This molecule is the electron carrier that delivers high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
What is NADH?
This enzyme catalyzes the attachment of carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin cycle.
What is RuBisCO?
This receptor protein phosphorylates tyrosines, leading to multiple signal transduction pathways.
What is a RTK?
What is a kinetochore?
This structure provides support and shape to plant cells and is primarily composed of cellulose.
What is the cell wall?
These membrane proteins help maintain concentration gradients by using ATP to transport ions across membranes.
What are proton pumps?
These molecules attach to enzymes at a location other than the active site and change the enzyme's activity.
What are allosteric regulators?
This process allows cells to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue without oxygen.
What is fermentation?
These plants use a special carbon fixation pathway to minimize photorespiration in hot and dry environments.
What are C4 plants/CAM Plants?
This ion acts as the most common secondary messenger in the human body, with high concentrations being found in the ER and mitochondria.
What is calcium?
This structure organizes microtubules and helps move chromosomes during mitosis.
What is the centrosome?
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for transport.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
This process allows a cell to release substances outside the cell when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.
What is exocytosis?
This term describes the ability of enzymes to change shape slightly when a substrate binds to the active site.
What is induced fit?
While Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle produce ATP through Substrate-Level Phosphorylation, the Electron Transport Chain produces ATP using this method.
This phenomenon occurs when the enzyme Rubisco binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, reducing photosynthetic efficiency.
What is photorespiration?
This type of signaling occurs when a cell releases chemical signals that affect nearby cells.
What is paracrine signaling?
These proteins regulate the timing and progression of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases, allowing the cell to move past cycle checkpoints.
What are cyclins?