Enzymes
How are enzymes biological catalysts?
Lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction
Describe anabolic vs. catabolic pathways.
Anabolic: Require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from smaller ones (build)
Catabolic: Degrading complex molecules into simpler ones (break)
Where in the chloroplast does the light reaction occur? Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
LR: within thylakoids, CC: within the stroma
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
What structure of a leaf do gases enter/exit? What structure of a plant do water and nutrients enter?
Stomata; Roots
Enzymes build molecules through ____ and break down molecules through ____.
Dehydration Synthesis; Hydrolysis
How does eating provide cells with energy?
Breaking down food = release of potential energy stored in chemical bonds of food
What two energy carrying molecules are produced by the light dependent reaction to be invested into the Calvin Cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? Is it an aerobic or anaerobic process?
Cytoplasm; anaerobic
Define enzyme denaturation.
Enzyme losing its shape due to environmental conditions outside of the optimal range
Describe enzyme specificity.
Substrates are specific to their corresponding enzyme; shape of substrate must match shape of active site of enzyme
Define phosphorylation.
Donation of a phosphate group from one molecule to alter the state of another molecule
What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis? What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
LDR: Convert solar energy into chemical energy
CC: Building of organic molecule (G3P) to be used as the foundation for the synthesis of all other organic molecules
Define fermentation and provide two examples.
Respiration when there is a lack of oxygen in the cellular environment; lactic acid and alcohol
How many ATP molecules are made by the ETC per glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
28-34
What are two environmental factors that could cause an enzyme to denature?
Temp or pH outside of optimal range
Compare endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Endergonic: Requires input of energy, exergonic: energy is released
How many molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin Cycle? How many functional G3P are produced?
3 CO2 provided 3 carbons that will leave as 1 G3P
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? What molecule is the reactant for the cycle and what are the products?
Mitochondrial Matrix; Reactant= pyruvate, Products = ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2
Define chemiosmosis.
High proton (hydrogen ions) concentration inside thylakoid membrane, low proton concentration outside thylakoid membrane
Describe Competitive vs. Allosteric inhibition of enzyme function.
Competitive Inhibition: Inhibitor molecule is similar enough to the substrate to bind to the active site of the intended enzyme
Allosteric Inhibition: Inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme, NOT on the active site
What is Gibbs free energy?
Energy remaining available to do work after some is lost as heat
What is photophosphorylation?
H+ ions move through ATP Synthase, allowing the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
Where is the electron transport chain for respiration located? What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC and what molecule is produced as a result?
Inner mitochondrial membrane; oxygen accepts electrons to attract H+, combining to make water
Where in photosynthesis is oxygen released as a byproduct? Where in cellular respiration is CO2 released as a byproduct?
P: As a product of the light-dependent reaction
CR: As a product of the Krebs Cycle