Signaling - Reception
Signaling - Transduction
Signaling - Response and Feedback
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Regulation
100
What is the name of the signaling molecule that binds to the receptor?
a ligand
100
What is transduction?
transmitting a signal from a ligand through the cell
100
What is one example of cellular responses?
Gene expression
Protein synthesis
Ion diffusion
Release of chemicals
Many more
100
What are the three overall stages of the cell cycle?
1. Interphase - grow & replication
2. Mitosis - the cell prepare to divide
3. Cytokinesis - the cell splits!
100
What are the three main checkpoints that regulate cell cycle?
G1, G2, and M
200
This type of signaling occurs over relatively long distances and utilizes molecules called hormones.
endocrine signaling
200
What is a secondary messenger?
molecules that relay a signal from membrane through a cell
200
What type of feedback is shown in this graph?
negative feedback
200
In which phase of interphase is the DNA replicated?
S phase
200
Why is the G2 checkpoint incredibly important?
regulates cell division
300
This type of signaling is when cells send out signaling molecules to cells nearby
paracrine signaling
300
What happens in a signal transduction pathway when a ligand binds to its receptor protein?
The receptor protein changes shape, initiating signal transduction.
300
This is the hormone in animals that lowers blood sugar and increases glycogen synthesis.
insulin
300
Which stage of mitosis would be directly affected due to the inability to properly form the mitotic spindle?
prophase
300
**DAILY DOUBLE**
What happens to the levels of cdk throughout the cell cycle?
remains constant until it binds to it's specific cyclin.
400
Which type of cell signaling occurs when a membrane-bound signaling molecule on one cell binds to a receptor on another cell, allowing the signal to pass directly into the cytoplasm and flow freely between the two cells?
Direct Contact/Juxtacrine signaling
400
What will happen if a mutation drastically changes the intracellular part of a receptor protein?
signal will no longer be transmitted
400
What is one cellular response that cancerous cells do not undergo?
Apoptosis or stopping cell division
400
Assuming a cell is entering a nondividing phase where it typically remains for most of its life cycle:
(1) In which phase of the cell cycle does this regulation take place?
(2) At which checkpoint does this transition occur?
(1) Interphase
(2) G1 Checkpoint
400
How are CDKs typically inactivated?
degradation of the cyclin subunit, or through inhibitory phosphorylation by other kinases
500
These receptors contain seven transmembrane segments that wind back and forth through the plasma membrane; they interact with G proteins to create a cellular response.
G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs)
500
What are the two properties of ligands that bind intracellularly?
small, nonpolar
500
Why is blood clotting an example of positive feedback?
Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback because the initial formation of a clot triggers a cascade of events that amplify the response. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to the injury site and release signaling molecules that attract more platelets to the area.
500
If a manatee’s somatic cell undergoes the cell cycle, how many chromosomes will the cell have after interphase? How many chromatids will be present after interphase? Finally, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after cytokinesis? Assume a manatee's number of chromosomes n = 24.
Remember: n = 24 2n = 48
Chromosomes after interphase - 48
Chromatids after interphase - 96
Chromosomes after cytokinesis - 48
500
What could happen if a CDK is continuously and consistently active?
Uncontrolled cell proliferation, potentially leading to cancer development.