Signal Transduction
A signal transduction pathway begins when this binds to an external or intracellular receptor.
What is a ligand (or receptor/ligand)?
These mechanisms are used by cells to maintain homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a response.
What are feedback mechanisms
During this stage of the cell cycle, DNA is replicated and the cell prepares for division.
What is Interphase?
These are regulatory events that determine if a cell is ready to move to the next phase of the cycle.
What are checkpoints?
Cells use these specific regulators when they need to communicate across short distances.
What are local regulators?
This specific type of change in a protein's shape occurs after a ligand binds, elicting an internal response.
What is a conformational shape change?
This type of feedback maintains homeostasis by regulating physiological processes for a specific condition.
What is negative feedback?
This process ensures that cytoplasm is equally distributed to daughter cells.
What is cytokinesis?
This disease can occur when the cell cycle is disrupted and regulation fails.
What is cancer?
When a signal needs to travel a long distance to a different cell type, cells release these.
What are chemical signals (or hormones)?
This signaling pathway involves one enzyme phosphorylating another, leading to the activation of thousands of proteins.
What is a phosphorylation cascade?
This type of feedback amplifies responses and processes in biological organisms.
What is positive feedback?
During this specific phase of mitosis, chromosomes align across the center of the cell.
What is metaphase?
These organic molecules are used to activate or inhibit activities within the cell cycle.
What are proteins?
To send a signal directly into an adjacent (neighbor) cell, a cell must have modifications to its membrane or this outer layer
What is the cell wall?
These are activated inside the cell following the initial receptor shape change.
What are second messengers?
A mutation that alters this specific characteristic can lead to an inactive internal pathway due to incompatibility.
What is ligand/receptor specificity?
These are the three primary roles of mitosis in biological organisms.
What are growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction?
This is the end result of mitosis, where two new nuclei form, each containing a complete genome.
What is telophase?
This is a fundamental characteristic of life; organisms must do this to stimuli to survive.
What is respond?
This is the primary role of a signal transduction pathway regarding the reception and the cell's ultimate action.
What is linking signal reception with cellular response?
Chemicals can have these two opposite effects on a signal transduction pathway.
What are activation (amplification) and inhibition?
In this phase, double chromosomes are separated and migrate to opposite sides of the cell.
What is anaphase?
This happens to the DNA and the nuclear envelope during prophase.
What is DNA becomes visible and the nuclear envelope disappears?
This is a specific cellular response that results in programmed cell death.
What is apoptosis?