Fitness and selection
Being able to survive and reproduce
What is fitness?
This occurs because traits are often heritable and organisms compete to survive
What is natural selection?
When alleles are transferred between populations due to immigration
What is gene flow?
The first details relatedness, but the second also incorporates time
What are cladograms and phylogenetic trees?
This is required to have two different species
What is reproductive isolation?
Give and example of an organism that is more fit
(teacher discretion)
When multiple niches are available and organisms evolve separately to fill those niches to avoid competition (Darwin's finches are a classic example of this)
What is adaptive radiation?
When a cataclysm (large-scale and violent event in the natural world) occurs the remaining allele frequencies are different than they were before the event
What is bottleneck effect?
This represents speciation events and common ancestors
What is a node?
When, for example, birds sing songs to attract mates. If the songs do not attract mates of a certain population, this results in this.
What is an example of behavioral isolation?
An environmental factor that impacts whether an organism can survive and reproduce. ______________ pressure
What is selective pressure?
The two equations of HW equilibrium involve these terms and each of them mean . . .
What is p for dominant allele frequency, q for recessive alle frequency, p2 for homozygous dominant frequency, 2pq for heterozygous frequency, and q2 for homozygous recessive frequency?
When environments are similar they lead to the development of similar traits in two different lineages and the traits are called this. Also, these lineages do NOT share recent common ancestry.
What is convergent evolution and analogous traits?
This lineage is the least closely related member of the clade
What is the outgroup/basal taxa?
The fur tree's pollen cannot physically attach to the pine tree's cone
What is an example of mechanical isolation?
When the extremes of a trait are both equally selected for, this occurs
What is disruptive selection?
If 30 out of 50 individuals have the dominant trait, how many are homozygous dominant assuming HW equilibrium?
7
These structures (same embryonic origin and structures, different functions) exist between organisms who share recent common ancestry.
What are homologous traits?
These four things can be used to create cladograms
What are DNA, morphology, biogeography, and fossils?
This keeps horses and donkeys from being considered the same species
What is hybrid sterility and reduced hybrid fertility?
Give an example of stabilizing selection
(teacher discretion)
Give an example of natural selection
(teacher discretion)
This is a type of genetic _____________. It is a random chance occurrence where a population the loses genetic variation and occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.
What is drift, founder effect?
Create a cladogram for the following: cartilaginous fish, bony fish, frogs
(teacher discretion)
What is an experiment that could demonstrate how life originated?
Miller Urey