Fitness and selection
Being able to survive and reproduce
What is fitness?
This occurs because traits are often heritable and organisms compete to survive with those have more favorable traits passing them onto the next generation.
What is natural selection?
When alleles are transferred between populations due to migration
What is gene flow?
These show divergence between related groups of organisms.
What are cladograms or phylogenetic trees?
Speciation requires this.
What is reproductive isolation?
Give an example of directional selection.
(teacher discretion)
When multiple niches are available and organisms evolve more rapidly to fill those niches to avoid competition, thus having quick speciation, this type of branching occurs.
punctuated equilibrium
When a cataclysm (a violent, large-scale upheaval or sudden disaster, such as a massive flood, earthquake, or human impact, that causes extensive destruction, environmental change, and radical, permanent change to the population.) occurs the remaining allele frequencies are different than they were before the event after the population rebounds.
What is bottleneck effect?
A node represents this on a cladogram/phylogenetic tree.
What is speciation?
Explain the two mechanisms of speciation
Allopatric/geographic isolation
Sympatric
Reproductive barriers
An environmental factor that impacts whether an organism can survive and reproduce. ______________ pressure
What is selective pressure?
Explain the 5 variables of the Hardy Weinberg equations.
What is p for dominant allele frequency, q for recessive alle frequency, p2 for homozygous dominant frequency, 2pq for heterozygous frequency, and q2 for homozygous recessive frequency?
When environments and niches are similar they lead to the development of similar traits in two different/non-related lineages.
What is convergent evolution?
This lineage is the least closely related member of the clade
What is the outgroup?
Provide an example of a prezygotic reproductive barrier.
Habitat
Behavioral
Temporal
Mechanical
Gametic
When the extremes of a trait are both equally selected for, this occurs
What is disruptive selection?
If 30 out of 50 individuals have the dominant trait, how many individuals are homozygous dominant assuming HW equilibrium?
~7
These structures exist between organisms who share common ancestry
What are homologous structures?
What are four types of evidence that can be used to create cladograms?
What are DNA, morphology, biogeography, and fossils, behavior, embryology?
This keeps horses and donkeys from being considered the same species
What is hybrid sterility/reduced hybrid fertility?
Give an example of stabilizing selection
(teacher discretion)
Give a real world example of natural selection
(teacher discretion)
Provide an example or convergent evolution.
Teacher discretion
Describe a monophyletic group.
consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
Explain the endosymbiotic theory
chloroplasts/plastids and mitochondria used to be prokaryotes and were engulfed into eukaryotes and stayed there due to it being mutually beneficial.