AP Bio Units 1-2

Proteins

100

This level of structure describes the order and identity of amino acids

What is primary structure?

200

This level of protein structure has an irregular 3-dimensional shape. It forms from chemical interactions between alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

What is tertiary structure?

300

This level of protein structure consists of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets. Proteins take on these shapes due to chemical attraction and repulsion between amino acids

What is secondary structure?

400

This is what we call a protein when it is in its natural, best-functioning state

What is the native conformation?

500

These are the four major groups of amino acids

What are non-polar, polar, positively charged, and negatively charged

Sugars/Lipids

100

This is a monomer of sugars which is the most common source of cellular energy

What is glucose?

200

This kind of fat is artificially synthesized and is known to cause health problems

What are trans fats?

300

This kind of macromolecule is often attached to cell membranes to act as a receptor

What are short-chain carbohydrates?

400

This is the scientific term to describe the main component of cell membranes

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

500

Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

Saturated fats have their carbon chains bonded with as many hydrogens as possible.

Unsaturated fats have at least two double bonded carbons

Nucleic Acids

100

Purines have this many carbon rings

2

200

Name the three main components of a DNA molecule

Nitrogenous bases, the phosphate group, and deoxyribose

300

Name the Purines and Pyrimadines, and tell me which is which

Purine: Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimadines: Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

400

Describe the structural differences between DNA and RNA

Deoxyribose vs ribose

Double stranded vs single stranded

Thymine vs Uracil

500

DNA is always read from ____ to ____

5' to 3'

Organelles

100

These are the only two universal organelles

Ribosomes and cell membranes

200

Name two organelles that assist in recycling/breaking down cell products and waste

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

300

This is the site of lipid synthesis

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

400

Describe the endosymbiotic theory

Endosymbiotic theory states that the organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic organisms. Once they were absorbed by eukaryotic cells, the two organisms worked mutualistically to help eachother.

500

Describe the composition of cell walls between plants and bacteria

Plants: cellulose (sugar based)

Bacteria: peptidoglycan (sugar and fat-based)

Beast Mode

100

This is the golden rule of evolutionary biology

FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION

200

BONUS SPACE: Recite every amino acid from memory or do 5 push ups

no really

300

Describe the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, both kinds of ribosomes, bigger, single and multicellular

Prokaryotes: nuclear region, no membrane-bound organelles, only free ribosomes, smaller, only single celled

400

Draw a glycerol and a fatty acid tail

oof

500

Draw a protein molecule with its 4 functional groups

Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R group