misc
enzymes building up substances in a reaction.
anabolic
bacteria monitoring the density of the population around them, then adapting once reaching a threshold
Quorum sensing
free ribosomes and cell wall
Prokaryote
These molecules are loosely associated with the lipid bilayer. They are located on the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
Peripheral proteins
Genetic material is fully condensed into coils, the genes are inactive
Heterochromatin
What the enzyme acts on
Substrate
Produce proteins that prevent the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells
Tumor-suppressor gene
Eukaryotes
These are small, paired cylindrical structures that are often found within microtubule organizing centers. They are most active during mitosis. Not found in most plants
Centrioles
During DNA replication, this cuts and rejoins the helix to prevent tangling
DNA topoisomerases
Enzyme rate is affected by these three things
ph (optimal for each enzyme)
temperature (optimal fro each enzyme but in vernal increases temperature means increased collisions so rate goes up initially - too much heat can denature enzyme)
and substrate concentration (more substrate = faster rate)
Three phases of interphase
Growth (G1) synthesis of DNA (S) and preparation for mitosis (G2)
Cell junctions in plant cells
Plasmodesmata
water specific channels. A example of facilitated transport.
Aquaporins
tRNA anticodons can be a bit flexible whene they bind with a codon on an mRNA, especially the third nucleotide in an antiocodon. This third position is said to experience _____
Wobble pairing
Attaches at allosteric site and changes shape of enzyme so it is not functional, can not be overcome with more substrate.
Non-competitive inhibition
plants use mitosis to do this
Make gametes, and for growth and repair
Contain enzy,es to break down h2o
(answer should be the organelle, then plant or animal)
Peroxisome, animal
The cell ingests liquid. A type of endocytosis.
Pinocytosis
Changes to the packaging of DNA will alter the ability of a transcription machinery to access a gene. These are called _________. They usually occur through a modification to a histone protein that is involved in winding up the DNa.
Epigenetic changes
(answer should be examples of signal receptors)
G-protein linked receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, tyrosine kinase receptors
These coordinate the activities within individual cells
an example would be epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals
Signal transduction pathways
Prokaryotes, viruses, and eukaryotes can contain these-small extra chromosomal DNA that is double stand DNA
Plasmids
Threadlike structures that are known for their locomotive properties in single-celled organisms
Cilia and flagella
This mutation causes the original codon to be altered and produce a different amino acid
Missense mutation