Chemistry
explain each type of bond: ionic, covalent, hydrogen
ionic: when one atom gives an electron to another atom
covalent: share electrons with another atom
hydrogen: non covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom, normally oxygen or nitrogenwhat are the functions of lipids?
insulation, protection, energy storage, steroids
what is the mitochondria?
produces energy
What is active transport?
movement of molecules across the cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, energy required
explain catabolic vs anabolic pathways
catabolic: a series of reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller units releasing energy
anabolic: use raw materials to build complex molecules, requires energy
What are some specific properties of water?
cohesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, lower density of ice, and solubility
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store and transmit genetic info and control protein production
what is the function of ribosomes?
build proteins
explain the basic signal transduction pathway
reception, signal transduction with secondary messengers, and response
what is the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
endergonic: a chemical reaction where energy is absorbed
exergonic: energy released in a spontaneaous reaction
interpret the ph scale
14- most basic
1- most acidic
7- moderate
What are the functions of proteins?
enzymes and transport
what are the differences between plant and animal cells?
plants: chloroplasts, cell walls vacuoles
animals: centrosome, lysosomes
what is the difference between local and long distance signaling
local: cells communicate by direct contact. travel short distances and influence cells close by. fast acting but short results.
long distance: hormones travel through the body to reach virtually all body cells. takes time but can longer lasting results
what is the function for enzymes in biological systems?
enzymes speed up the chemical reactions that take place in cells. they aid in things such as metabolism and digestion
How can changes in ph level alter biological systems?
too acidic or too basic could result in the ecosystem becoming unsuitable for the organisms living there, these changes could throw off the balance for life
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids
unsaturated: liquid at room temp, double bonds, produced by plants
saturated: solid at room temp, no double bonds, linked to cardiovascular disease, produced by animals
what is the endomembrane system?
system of compartments that work together to package, label and ship proteins and molecules. made up of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
what is the difference between water soluble and lipid soluble molecules?
water: peptide hormones, bind to cell surface receptors
lipid: steroids, interact with receptors in the nucleus and cytoplasm
what is activation energy?
the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction
Why are buffers important in the biological systems?
they help to maintain the balance or consistency of a system, similar to homeostasis.
what is a peptide bond?
chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of another, releasing water
theory that eukaryotes evolved through a process of prokaryotes being incorporated inside larger prokaryotes, eventually developing chloroplasts, mitochondria, and other organelles.
why do most transduction pathways have many steps?
multiple steps help increase the amplification of the signal
what are some factors that influence enzyme activity?
temp, ph, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration