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Descent With Modification
Evolution of Populations
Speciation
Phylogeny
Hardy-Weinberg
100
Alfred Wallace
Who is the person who developed a theory of natural selection independent of Darwin, based on his observations of species in the Malay Archepelago
100
Hardy-Weinberg principle
What is the frequencies of alleles and genes in a population's gene pool will remain constant over the course of generations.
100
a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.
What is a species
100
Phylogenetic trees
What is the diagram that uses systems of branches to describe evolutionary relationships
100
The five forces that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
What are: -mutations -natural selection -sexual selection -gene flow -genetic drift
200
Homologous structures
What are structures that originated from a common ancestor but are currently used for a variety of purposes. Example, flying bats and swimming whales.
200
Bottleneck effect
What is a sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, that may drastically reduce the size of the population, resulting in decreased genetic variation in subsequent generations
200
Reproductive isolation
What is the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring
200
Clade
What is a part of the phylogenetic tree that includes a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of it descendants.
200
The frequency of the dominant allele given that 91% of the population exhibit the dominant phenotype
What is .70
300
what were Darwin's 2 observations and 2 inferences that underpinned his theory of natural selection?
O1: Variation O2: Overpopulation I1: Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will survive & reproduce I2: Over time, adaptations will spread in the population
300
The five fingers of evolution
What are: Small population (genetic drift), non-random mating, mutations, gene flow, natural selection
300
Prezygotic barriers
What is a barrrier that prevents members of different species from reproducing by hindering fertilization.
300
The two major types of evidence that are used to analyze species' evolutionary relationships and develop phylogenetic trees.
What are molecular (DNA, Amino Acids) or Morphological data
300
The percentage of this population who are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait, give that 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss)
What is 42%
400
2 pieces of evidence for the timeline and/or origination of early life on earth
What are: Stromatolites, iron banded rocks, Miller-Urey experiment, clay-catalyzed proto-cells.
400
a. The most likely cause for the original appearance of deafness in England. b. The evolutionary mechanism most likely responsible for the increase in frequency of deafness from 1700 to 1900 c. The evolutionary mechanism most likely responsible for the decline in frequency of deafness after 1900. Sometime before the sixteenth century, a form of deafness, inherited as a recessive allele, appeared in a town in southern England. In the middle 1600’s, several families from the town migrated to North America and settled on Martha’s Vineyard, an island off the coast of Massachusetts. During the years from 1700 to 1900, deafness among the 3,000 descendants of the original families was unusually high, (around 1/25) compared with other populations in the United States where the frequency was around 1/5,700. During this same period, the population on Martha’s Vineyard subsisted without interaction with the mainland. Marriages occurred between individuals of the families that lived on the island. During the 1900’s, however, some families moved away from the island, while many new families arrived on the island. By 1950, few individuals with deafness remained.
a. Mutation b. Founder effect/genetic drift c. Gene flow
400
Punctuated equilibrium
What is the term used to describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden changes observed in the fossil record.
400
adaptive radiation
What is the process of rapid speciation in the presence of unfilled niches.
400
The best answer, given the following information: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a recessive genetic disorder that includes the characteristics of short stature and extra fingers or toes. In the general population, this syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 150,000 live births. In a particular isolated population, however, the incidence of this syndrome among live births is 1 in 500. Assume that both the isolated population and the general population are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to this syndrome. Which of the following best describes the difference between the frequency of the allele that causes the syndrome in the general population and the frequency of the allele in the isolated population? (A) The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.002 in the isolated population and 0.0000066 in the general population, which suggests that selection for this trait is occurring in both populations. (B) The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.0447 in the isolated population and 0.0026 in the general population, showing that the rate of genetic mutation is highest among individuals in the isolated population. (C) The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.002 in the isolated population and 0.0000066 in the general population, which demonstrates gametic incompatibility between the populations. (D) The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.0447 in the isolated population and 0.0026 in the general population, which suggests that genetic drift has occurred in the isolated population.
What is D
500
a. the most appropriate sample of rock in which to search for a transitional species, between lobe-finned fish and amphibians b. TWO pieces of evidence provided by fossils of transitional species that would support the hypothesis that amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fishes. Fossils of lobed-finned fished, which are ancestors of amphibians, are found in rocks that rae at least 380 million years old. Fossils of the oldest amphibian-like vertebrate animals with true legs and lungs are found in rocks that are aproximately 363 million years old. Three samples of rock are available that might contain fossils of lobe-finned fished and amphibians: one rock sample that is 350 million years old, one that is 370 million years old, and one that is 390 million years old.
a. 370 MYA --> the time period between Lobe-Finns and Amphibians b. legs/limbs/digits, vertebrae, flat skulls, ribs, flexible neck. Scales. Teeth, homologous structures, has traits of both types, same area/environment, molecular evidence,
500
A graphical representation of the three ways in which natural selection can alter the distribution of a trait in a population.
What are: Directional, Stabilizing and Disruptive--with appropriate graphs.
500
2 pre-zygotic barriers and 1 post-zygotic barrier to reproduction
What are: -Pre: Physical, Behavioral, Temporal, mechanical, gametic. -Post: non-viable hybrids, infertile hybirds, hybrid breakdown
500
The best answer, given the following: Scientists have found that the existing populations of a certain species of amphibian are small in number, lacking in genetic diversity, and separated from each other by wide areas of dry land. Which of the following human actions is most likely to improve the long-term survival of the amphibians? (A) Cloning the largest individuals to counteract the effects of aggressive predation (B) Reducing the population size by one-fifth to decrease competition for limited resources (C) Constructing a dam and irrigation system to control flooding (D) Building ponds in the areas of dry land to promote interbreeding between the separated populations
What is D
500
The percent of the North American population that is homozygous dominant for the ability to taste PTC give the following information: Some people have the ability to taste a bitter chemical called phnelythiocarbamide (PTC). The ability to taste PTC is due to the presence of at least one dominant allele for the PTC taste gene. The incidence of non-tasters in the North American population is approximately 45%.
What is .09-.11