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Cancer
Macromolecules 1
Macromolecules 2
Intro to Biology
Cell Structure
100
Define cancer in your own words.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
100
Name the 4 macromolecules
Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
100
What is the process that brings 2 monomers together to make a polymer?
Dehydration synthesis
100
Define the following biology topics: 1. Cellular biology 2. Molecular biology
1. Cellular biology: The study of cells (ex: cell organelles) 2. Molecular biology- The study of what goes on inside of a cell (ex: making proteins)
100
What are 2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
-Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotes don't -Prokaryotes store genetic information in RNA and eukaryotes store genetic information in DNA
200
Define the following terms: Angiogenesis & Metastasis (you must get both correct to get the points!)
Angiogenesis: The movement of blood vessels Metastasis: The spreading of cancer throughout the body
200
Name one monosaccharide (the monomer of carbohydrates)
Glucose
200
What is the process that breaks apart a polymer into smaller molecules (or monomers)?
Hydrolysis
200
Define the term "Evolution"
The study of how groups of organisms change and adapt to their environments over time.
200
What are 3 differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall, larger vacuole, and chloroplasts (for photosynthesis).
300
Name two polysaccharides that are used to store energy
Starch and glycogen
300
Fill in the blank: The information found in DNA is used to make ________.
Proteins
300
Define the term homeostasis and give one example
Homeostasis: Balance Example: Regulating our temperature by shivering and sweating to maintain a constant temperature
300
What is the function of each of the following organelles? 1. Cell wall 2. Cell membrane
1. Cell wall- protects the outside of the cell, helps plants to stand up (this is why a plant stem is straight) 2. Cell membrane- Determines what goes into and out of the cell.
400
Explain how we can use our knowledge of evolution to treat cancer.
Some large organisms, like elephants, have evolved the ability to make the process of getting cancer take much longer than normal. For this reason, while elephants may get cancerous cells, they do not actually develop cancer in their lifetime. We could follow a similar process to slow down cancer so that we do not get it within our lifetime.
400
1. Name the 2 different types of nucleic acids 2. What is the monomer of nucleic acids? 3. State 2 differences between DNA and RNA
1. DNA and RNA 2. Nucleotide 3. DNA: deoxyribose= sugar, RNA: ribose= sugar; DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
400
Name 3 protein functions
1. Structure 2. Transport 3. Enzymes
400
Define "genetics"
The study of genes and how our genetic information is passed down to our offspring.
400
What is the function of each of the following organelles? 1. Ribosome 2. Chloroplast 3. Mitochondria
1. Ribosome: Makes proteins 2. Chloroplast: Photosynthesis 3. Mitochondria: Makes energy
500
Describe what happens at each stage of cancer.
Stage 0: Non-cancerous (an abnormal growth but the cells look normal) Stage 1: Cells are now deformed. Abnormal growth in one area only. Stage 2: Abnormal growth spreads a little bit more but is still confined to one place in the body. Stage 3: Angiogenesis occurs- blood vessels gather around the tumor. Cancer reaches the lymph nodes. Stage 4: Cancer spreads to other organs in the body.
500
What is one function of each type of macromolecule? 1. Lipid 2. Carbohydrate 3. Nucleic Acid 4. Protein
1. Lipid: Long term energy storage 2. Carbohydrate: Short term energy storage 3. Nucleic acid: Stores genetic information 4. Protein: Storage or enzymes
500
Explain the stages of protein folding
Primary: Polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids Secondary: Polypeptide forms hydrogen bonds to create alpha helix or beta pleated sheet Tertiary: Secondary structure folds even more (the R groups interact with each other to allow for this folding to occur) Quaternary: The tertiary structures combine together to form one large protein
500
Give one example of positive feedback and an example of negative feedback
Positive feedback: A mother who is about to give birth releases hormones to have MORE contractions Negative feedback: Regulating our temperature (shivering when we are cold or sweating when we are hot)
500
What is the function of each of the following organelles? 1. Golgi apparatus 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Golgi apparatus: Packages proteins and fats 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: This is where a protein folds 3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: This is where a fat is altered and prepared to leave the cell