Cell Communication
The three stages of cell signaling
Reception, transduction, respons
This term describes molecules like phospholipids that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?
amphipathic
These two types of metabolic pathways include those that release energy and those that consume energy
catabolic and anabolic pathways
This coenzyme accepts electrons during cellular respiration in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the krebs cycle
NAD+
These two colours of light are most highly absorbed by chloroplasts
Red and blue
This type of receptor spans the cell membrane and changes shape when a molecule of GTP binds to it
G-protein coupled receptor
These specialized proteins facilitate the passive movement of water across cell membranes
aquaporins
This high-energy molecule serves as the primary energy currency in cells
ATP
The stage of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
These pigments protect chlorophyll from excessive light damage by absorbing and dissipating excess energy
Carotenoids
These enzymes add phosphate groups to proteins, often activating or deactivating them during signal transduction
Protein kinases
In this type of solution, a cell will gain water and potentially burst if it lacks a cell wall.
hypotonic solution
This model explains how an enzyme's active site changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate
Induced-fit model
This process directly generates ATP using enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
substrate-level phosphorylation
This molecule is produced during the light reactions and provides reducing power for the Calvin cycle
NADPH
These intracellular signalling molecules include cyclic AMP and calcium ions
Second messengers
This process uses vesicles to bring large molecules into the cell after they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface
receptor-mediated endocytosis
This regulatory mechanism prevents a metabolic pathway from producing too much product by having the end product inhibit an enzyme early in the pathway
Feedback inhibition
This enzyme complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the energy of a proton gradient to synthesize ATP
ATP synthase
This process occurs when rubisco binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis
Photorespiration
This programmed cell death process can be triggered by internal signals and plays a crucial role in normal development
Apoptosis
This type of transport protein uses the energy from an electrochemical gradient of one substance to transport another against its concentration gradient.
cotransporter
These molecules can bind to sites on enzymes, causing conformational changes that either activate or inhibit the enzyme's activity.
Allosteric regulators
This allosteric enzyme regulates glycolysis by responding to high levels of ATP and citrate, which inhibit it, or high levels of AMP, which activate it
Phosphofructokinase
These two alternative photosynthetic adaptations help plants minimize photorespiration in hot, dry environments
C4 and CAM