AP Biology Exam Review

Biochemistry

100

The process by which macromolecules are joined together is called _______________ and the process where they are broken down is called ___________________.

What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

200

This type of macromolecule is likely to contain only phosphorous, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. 

lipids or phospholipids 

300

Amino acids are made up of these three groups.

What are the carboxyl group, amine group, and a variable (R) group?

400

Describe what would likely happen to red blood cells in an individual suffering from extreme dehydration. 

water would leave the cells, attempting to dilute the solutes in the body.  Cells would begin to shrink/shrivel up. 

500

This type of inhibition occurs when a substrate binds to a site other than the active site to prevent enzyme catalysis.

What is allosteric inhibition?

Cellular Divisions

100

In what phase will the sister chromatids be seperted? 

Anaphase II

200

a species is 2n=16, how many chromatids will be in each cell at the end of meiosis II?

8 chromatids in each cell. 

300

This principle says that homologous chromosomes line up randomly along the metaphase plate, and are separated autonomously from each other, increasing genetic diversity among the gametes. 

Law of independent assortment. 

400

These molecules work together with CDK's to regulate and control the movement through the cell cycle

Cyclins. 

500

This process occurs at the chiasmata during prophase 1 of meiosis. 

Crossing over. 

Cell Energetics

100

These are the products of cellular respiration. 

Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP

200

This process involves the creation of lactic acid, in anaerobic conditions. 

What is fermentation. 

300

This is where electrons are donated from, and this is where electrons are accepted, during the process of ETC in photosynthesis 

What is water and what is NADP+ 

400

This is the main goal of glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle. 

To strip electrons from glucose, and to transport those electrons to the ETC in the mitochondrial matrix, to power the creation of the proton gradient, eventually generating large amounts of ATP. 

500

These three environmental effects could decrease functionality of an enzyme. 

pH and temperature outside of normal range leading to denaturing.  Low substrate concentrations. Competitive Inhibitors blocking the active site or allosteric inhibitors- changing the shape of the active site. 

Central Dogma

100

These are five enzymes involved in DNA replication.

What are topoisomerase, helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase 

200

These are created on the lagging strand and are built in the 5' to 3' direction

Okazaki fragments. 

300

If the DNA strand to be transcribed is 5'-AAA TAA CCG GAC-3', this is the mRNA strand that is formed.

3'-UUU AUU GGC CUG-5'

400

These two items are added to mRNA, prior to leaving the nucleus. 

Poly-A tail, GTP cap. 

500

when activated, regulatory genes cause this down stream effect on creation of target gene polypeptides

Decreased production of target gene polypeptides. 

Evolution

100

This is the movement of alleles into or out of a population.

What is gene flow?

200

These are two examples of genetic drift.

What are bottleneck effect and founder effect?

300

This is how mitochondrial DNA mutations are passed down to the next generation.

From the mother/female organism 

400

According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium these 5 conditions must be met in order to maintain a stable, non-evolving population.

1. Large population size 2. No migration 3. No mutation 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection

500

Determine the percent of the population that is homozygous dominant if the percent of the population that is homozygous recessive is 9%

What is 49%