AP Biology Exam Review - RB

U1: Chem of Life

1

the structure of an amino acid

2

If Z inhibits Enzyme 2 (E2), which product would first build up in the cell?

X

3

Why can we not digest cellulose?

We don't have the enzyme (to digest b-glucose)

4

What is a peptide bond?

Covalent bond between two amino acids

5

What is a condensation reaction?

The removal of water during the synthesis/formation of a polymer

6

Why would an enzyme be denatured in acidic conditions?

acid would interrupt the interaction between charged amino acids (tertiary structure)

U2: Cell

1

Major difference between plant and animal cells

Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplast

2

Molecule responsible for the insolubility of the cell membrane in water

Phospholipid

3

In cells, what functions to give shape, enable movement, and anchor organelles

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate fibers

4

How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?

no nucleus, circular DNA, no membrane bound organelles

5

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Makes ribosomes

6

What is a kinetochore?

Structure that links the centromere to spindle apparatus

U3: Energy

1

What is FAD+ used for?

electron acceptor

2

Where is ATP generated?

Chloroplast stroma and/or Mitochondrial matrix

3

The oxygen consumed during respiration results in the production of?

H₂O

4

What is the primary role of light in photosynthesis?

Light excites electrons in chlorophyll that are captured by the primary electron acceptor

5

During respiration, ATP is formed as the direct result of the movement of this

H⁺ ions/protons down a concentration gradient

6

Substance that changes shape of active site of an enzyme but is non-competitive

allosteric inhibitor

U4: Cell Communication & Cycle

1

Cell communication through direct contact

juxtacrine

2

Cell communication over a short distance

Paracrine

3

Cell communication over a long distance using the circulatory system

Endocrine

4

Internal controls that regulate the progression of the cell though the cycle

Checkpoints

5

A stage in which the cell no longer divides but can reenter the cell cycle in response to appropriate cues

G0

6

Mechanism that maintains homeostasis by returning the system back to its target set point

Negative feedback

U5: Heredity

1

What is the function of the regulator gene on the lac operon?

directs the synthesis of a protein that will repress gene expression

2

A mutation of which base in a triplet codon would be least likely to cause a genetic mutation?

3rd

3

Which strand of DNA is replicated by Okazaki fragments?

lagging

4

Mutations are often thought of as “mistakes” but they are also beneficial.  Name one benefit.

All genetic diversity

5

Why is the one gene = one protein hypothesis incorrect?

Alternative splicing generates different proteins from the same gene.

6

If red hair, blue eyes, and freckles were consistently inherited together, the best explanation would be?

Linked close together on the same chromosome

U6: Gene Expression

1

Direction for DNA replication

5' --> 3'

2

In complete dominance what would be the phenotypic ratio of a Tt x tt cross, if “t” produced short stems in plants?

50% long : 50% short

3

Suppose you wanted a family consisting of two girls and a boy, what are the chances?

1/8

4

What would a cell undergoing prophase I of meiosis contain that a cell undergoing mitosis would not?

Paired homologous chromosomes

5

Name two enzymes used during DNA replication

Helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

6

List at least 2 ways bacteria can become genetically diverse?

Conjugation, transformation, transduction, mutation

U7: Evolution

1

What natural selection acts upon

Phenotype

2

Changes in allele frequency provide evidence for this

evolution

3

Humans selecting/affecting variation in other species

Artificial Selection

4

Changes in allele frequency in small populations due to random chance

Genetic drift

5

the earliest genetic material

RNA

(RNA world hypothesis)

6

3 pieces of evidence for common ancestry in eukaryotes

Membrane bound organelles

Linear chromosomes

Genes containing introns

U8: Ecology

1

% Energy moving up trophic levels

10%

2

Population growth that is not at carrying capacity

Exponential

3

Population that has growth slowed due to a carrying capacity

Logistic

4

Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

Mutualism

5

Species that has an disproportionate effect on the ecosystem

Keystone

6

Species that is not native and outcompetes native species

Invasive

Misc

1

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory? State at least 2.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular DNA and prokaryotic-like ribosomes, double membrane, self replicate (binary fission), size of prokaryotes

2

If you added sugar to water, would the water potential decrease or increase

decrease (more negative)

3

List the pathway for protein export in a cell

Ribosomes, rough ER, vesicle, (cis to trans) Golgi, vesicle, cell membrane

4

At least two conditions required for H-W equilibrium

Large population, random mating, no mutations, no gene flow, no selection/adapations

5

speciation that is the result of a population being divided geographically

allopatric speciation

6

Steroid affecting the fluidity of animal cell membranes

Cholesterol