Biochemisty
This type of bond forms when electrons are shared unequally between atoms due to differences in electronegativity.
What is a polar covalent bond?
This organelle is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells.
What is the mitochondria?
This type of reaction releases free energy and proceeds spontaneously.
What is an exergonic reaction?
This type of signaling occurs when a cell releases a ligand that affects nearby target cells.
What is paracrine signaling?
This term describes molecules that repel water, such as lipids.
What is hydrophobic?
This property of water explains why water molecules stick to each other, contributing to surface tension.
What is cohesion?
This model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a flexible bilayer with embedded proteins
What is the fluid mosaic model?
This process occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first step of cellular respiration.
What is glycolysis?
This cell cycle phase is when DNA replication occurs
What is S phase?
This macromolecule is made of monomers called nucleotides. Give an example.
What are nucleic acids? DNA or RNA
This reaction forms polymers by removing a molecule of water between monomers
What is dehydration synthesis?
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell will cause water to move out of the cell
What is a hypertonic solution?
During cellular respiration, this molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
What is oxygen?
A long-distance cell communication method where specialized cells release chemical messengers called hormones directly into the bloodstream
What is endocrine signaling?
This molecule regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases.
What is cyclin?
This bond links amino acids together to form a protein.
What is a peptide bond?
This theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts and is supported by their own DNA and ribosomes.
What is Endosymbiosis or the Endosymbiotic Theory?
This gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane directly drives ATP synthesis.
What is the proton (H⁺) gradient?
This checkpoint ensures DNA is fully replicated and undamaged before mitosis begins.
What is the G2 checkpoint?
This type of gene normally promotes cell division but can cause cancer if mutated.
What is a proto-oncogene?
Name three chemical interactions involved in stabilizing protein structure and identify the level(s) of structure they affect.
What are hydrogen bonds (secondary/tertiary), ionic bonds (tertiary), and disulfide bridges (tertiary/quaternary)?
Explain water potential and with what unit it is measured. Give both the formula for water potential and solute potential.
What is Ψ = Ψs + Ψp, Ψs = -iCRT and water moves from higher (less negative) to lower (more negative) water potential?
What is the light dependent reaction and light independen (Calvin cycle)? Calvin cycle recycles ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+, light dependent reaction recycles ATP and NADPH.
Explain how a faulty checkpoint can lead to cancer development. Explain how cancer metastisizes.
What is if a cell has damaged DNA it still divides uncontrollably? Cancer cells break off tumor and get into the blood stream and affect other target organs.
Compare the roles of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell cycle control.
What is that proto-oncogenes stimulate division while tumor suppressor genes inhibit division or trigger repair/apoptosis?