Chemistry of Life
This property of water allows it to stick to other substances.
What is adhesion?
These cell types lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering this.
What is activation energy?
These structures allow direct cytoplasmic communication between neighboring plant cells.
What are plasmodesmata?
During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.
What is metaphase?
This type of reaction builds polymers by removing a water molecule.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This organelle is the site of cellular respiration and ATP production.
What is the mitochondria?
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in this part of the chloroplast.
This type of signaling involves neurotransmitters crossing a synapse.
What is local signaling?
These protein molecules regulate the progression of the cell cycle when bound to CDKs.
What are cyclins?
This functional group (-COOH) is common in amino acids and makes molecules acidic.
What is the carboxyl group?
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria is called this.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
This type of reaction releases energy and has a negative ΔG value.
What is an exergonic reaction?
The first step in the signal transduction pathway is called this.
What is reception?
This process divides the cytoplasm and completes cell division.
What is cytokinesis?
A lipid containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond is classified as this.
What is an unsaturated fat?
As a cell increases in size, this ratio decreases, limiting its efficiency.
What is the surface area to volume ratio?
When oxygen is not present, human cells perform this process instead of the Krebs cycle.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
This second messenger is often produced from ATP and amplifies a signal inside the cell.
What is cAMP?
In this phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs.
What is the S phase?
Carbon is uniquely suited for life primarily because of this bonding capability.
What are 4 covalent bonds?
This type of membrane transport requires ATP to move molecules against the concentration gradient.
What is active transport?
The electron transport chain uses energy from electrons to pump these ions to create a gradient for ATP synthase.
What are hydrogen ions or protons (H+)?
A mutation in this structure would prevent a cell from receiving and responding to external signals.
What is the receptor?
Abnormal cell cycle regulation can lead to cancer, which exhibits this type of cell growth.
What is uncontrolled cell growth?