Units 1 & 2 (Chemistry of Life & Cells)
Which property of water allows it to move upward from the roots of a tree to its leaves?
What is Cohesion/Adhesion
Phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated
What is S phase?
Mendelian law stating that two alleles separate during gamete formation, ending up in different gametes
Three base sequences that are read by ribosomes, determining amino acids in protein synthesis
What are codons?
The ability for an organism to pass its genes down to future generations
What is fitness?
According to the endosymbiotic theory, these two organelles were once independent prokaryotes before being engulfed by a larger host cell. (NAME BOTH ORGANELLES)
What is the Mitochondria and Chloroplast
What enzyme fuels the H+ proton gradient in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What is ATP synthase?
When a single gene has multiple phenotypic effects
What is pleiotropy?
Added to mRNA as it exits the nucleus, going to the ribosome (NAME BOTH)
What are the GTP cap and poly A tail?
Structures that had a purpose in ancestors but no longer serve a function in modern species
What are vestigial structures?
This holds two strands of DNA together
What are Hydrogen bonds
Name the three stages of signaling
What are Reception, Transduction, and Response
Occurs in Prophase I, contributing to genetic diversity
What is crossing over?
This is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments in DNA replication due to the direction of DNA polymerase
What is the Lagging Strand?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, this variable represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype
What is 2pq?
Small, non-polar molecules like $N_2$ or $O_2$ can pass through the membrane easily, but large polar molecules like glucose require these specific proteins to move through the bilayer.
What are Channel/Carrier proteins
What step of cellular respiration requires no oxygen, proving its use by the earliest common ancestors of life?
What is Glycolysis
This value is used to determine the distance between genes on a chromosome.
What is recombination frequency? (#of recombinant offspring/#of total offspring)
What is a repressible operon?
The reproductive barrier preventing fertilization AND 1 example of it
What is prezygotic barriers? e.g: (habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, gametic isolation)
Name 2 differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
What are: has a nucleus vs. no nucleus, linear chromosomes vs. circular chromosomes, has membrane-bound organelles vs. no membrane-bound organelles
This clinical condition occurs when cell cycle regulatory failures allow cells to ignore 'stop' signals and divide uncontrollably.
What is cancer?
Error in replication where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly
What is nondisjunction?
These are small, non-coding RNA segments that attach to mRNA, resulting in its degradation or silencing
What is miRNA (microRNA)?
Human-driven breeding decreases genetic diversity
What is inbreeding/selective breeding?