Properties of Water
What type of bond forms between the positively charged hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the negatively charged oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules?
hydrogen bond
These macromolecules serve as the primary energy storage and provide structural support. Monosaccharides are their building blocks.
carbohydrates
What type of bond holds together the complementary base pairs in the DNA double helix?
hydrogen bond
Which element serves as the backbone of organic molecules, forming four covalent bonds and providing the foundation for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?
carbon
Molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges.
polar molecule
What force allows for surface tension that lets small organisms, such as water striders, walk on water?
cohesion
Fats store more energy per gram than carbohydrates. What are the TWO major components of fats?
glycerol & fatty acid
What are the structural components of a nucleic acid monomer?
sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate
Name each macromolecule and the corresponding monomer.
carbohydrate = monosaccharide
protein = amino acids
nucleic acid = nucleotide
lipids = not one... glycerol & fatty acid
A chemical reaction that allows for monomers to polymerize.
condensation (dehydration reaction)
Describe in detail why ice floats in water.
This is the nature of the structure of phospholipids that contributes to the formation of cell membranes. (one word)
amphipathic
What is the primary structure of a protein, being specific to monomers and bonds.
Nitrogen is a key component of which major class of biological molecules?
proteins
Besides forming the backbone of organic molecules, explain why carbon is considered the "building block of life."
versatility in forming diverse structures due to its ability to form four covalent bonds
What unique property of water is responsible for its ability to moderate temperature, making it an important factor in temperature regulation in living organisms?
high specific heat
Contrast the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated fats, and explain how these differences impact their physical properties.
+100 Points... what are their states at room temperature?
saturated = single bonds; solid
unsaturated = double bonds.; liquid
The FIVE parts of an amino acid structure.
central carbon
amino
r-group
hydrogen
carboxyl
The property that makes salad dressing with oil and vinegar not able to mix well.
oil is non-polar
vinegar is polar
Describe Chargaff's Law (nucleic acids).
% of Adenine = % of Thymine
% of Guanine = % of Cytosine
The partial __________ charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________.
negative
electrons spend more time around oxygen than hydrogen
Carbon chains are principal features of both carbohydrates and lipids. What is the primary difference between these two types of macromolecules?
carbs = ring structures
lipids = long chains
What is an enzyme, and how does it function in biological reactions?
biological catalyst
speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
The level of protein structure that results from hydrogen bonding causing the protein to fold into α-helix and β-pleated sheets is known as
secondary structure
What property allows sweat to cool down your body when overheated?
heat of vaporization