Cell Structure & Function
Which organelle is the site of conversion of chemical energy from glucose to adenosine triphosphate?
Mitochondria
What are two principal components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Proteins, Carbohydrates
Passive transport (does/does not) require energy while moving molecules (with/against) their concentration gradient.
Active transport (does/does not) require energy while moving molecules (with/against) their concentration gradient.
Passive: does not; with
Active: does; against
The most efficient cells have (lower/higher) surface area and a (lower/higher) volume.
Higher SA, lower V
What structural component of the chloroplast and mitochondria allow for an increased level of glucose/ATP production, respectively?
Foldings present within the inner membranes (increased surface area=increased efficiency)
Which organelle modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?
Golgi Apparatus
What is the collective name for the carbohydrates on the cell's exterior surface?
Glycocalyx
What will occur when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? In a hypotonic solution?
Hyper: Water exits the cell, cell shrinks
Hypo: Water moves into the cell, cell swells
*Units not included*
Cell A has a SA of 6 and a V of 2; Cell B has a SA of 3 and a V of 6. Which of these cells is more efficient?
Cell A
Describe the evolution of the mitochondria.
Aerobic bacterium engulfed by anaerobic eukaryotic cell, formed mutually beneficial relationship, bacterium evolved into mitochondria
What are two organelles eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?
Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Cell (Plasma) Membrane
A cell membrane is able to remain fluid and flexible when experiencing fluctuating temperatures; what main component of the cell membrane allows this to be true?
Cholesterol
Define uniporter, symporter, and antiporter.
Uniporter: Carries one specific molecule
Symporter: Carries two molecules in same direction
Antiporter: Carries two molecules in opposite directions
Each cell below is listed with its' SA:V ratio. Which of the cells would be most efficient?
Cell 1: 1.5
Cell 2: 3
Cell 3: 4.7
Cell 4: 6
Cell 4
Describe the evolution of the chloroplast.
Photosynthetic bacterium engulfed by early eukaryotic cell, formed mutually beneficial relationship, bacterium evolved into chloroplast
A certain type of specialized cell contains an unusually large amount of lysosomes.
What function is this cell most likely to specialized to perform? Provide an example for where you might find this kind of cell in the human body.
The breaking down/detoxification of ingested materials; examples could be liver, pancreas, intestines, etc. (up to Ms. M's discretion)
Why does the plasma membrane not freeze solid when experiencing cold temperatures?
Kink in the structure of the unsaturated fatty acid of a phospholipid maintains space within the membrane
What pump in the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient in living cells? Briefly explain its function.
Sodium-potassium pump (NA+/K+ ATPase)
Using ATP hydrolysis, 3 Na+ ions exit the cell while 2 K+ ions enter
A spherical bacterial cell has a SA:V of 3; an animal cell has a SA:V of .045.
With reference to the SA:V ratio, which cell is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment?
The bacterial cell as it has the larger SA:V
Provide three pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.
Mitochondria and Chloroplast both have:
Double membranes, independent DNA, independent ribosomes
Why would a decrease in lysosome activity result in a decrease in mitochondrial activity?
Less materials broken down for the cell by the lysosome means less materials available for the mitochondria to use for cellular respiration (ATP production)
A macrophage comes into contact with a viral cell; how does the macrophage recognize this is a foreign invader and not a body cell?
The macrophage came into contact with a peripheral protein and/or carbohydrate identifier on the surface of the viral cells membrane
Describe secondary active transport in living cells.
Na+ moves along the gradient established by the sodium-potassium pump using channel proteins that also bring glucose against their concentration gradient into the cell
Explain the effect on efficiency of oxygen transport if a red blood cell is mutated and experiences a decrease in surface area.
SA:V ratio will decrease, making the cell less efficient at transporting oxygen
Why is the lysosome a membrane-bound organelle?
Contains hydrolytic enzymes that require an acidic pH; membrane separates this environment from the more neutral pH of the cytosol.