Cell Signaling
What are the 3 steps in the signal transduction pathway?
What are a reception, transduction, and response
This type of local signaling involves a secreting cell acting on nearby target cells by releasing a signaling molecule into the extracellular fluid.
What is paracrine?
The types of membrane proteins that the receptor and G protein are in G protein- coupled receptors.
What are integral and peripheral membrane proteins?
Binding of acetylcholine allows this ion to enter muscle cells and initiate muscle contraction.
What is sodium?
This is the common feature that occurs in all receptor types when ligands bind.
What is conformational change?
What is a signal molecule that binds to a larger molecule.
What is a ligand
Hormones use this type of long-distance signaling, traveling through the bloodstream to reach their target cells.
What is endocrine?
The attached molecule on G proteins that is swapped for a variation of the same molecule when signaling is initiated?
What is GDP?
The reason the signal for muscle cells to contract ends.
What is the ligand is broken down?
What is apoptosis?
What is controlled cell death
What is the most common cell response of transduction pathways?
What is Gene Expression
This is the term for a signaling cell releasing a messenger molecule that then acts on the same cell.
What is autocrine?
The three subunits that comprise the inactive heterotrimeric G protein.
What are the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits?
The process where two individual Receptor Tyrosine Kinase polypeptides join together upon ligand binding, a necessary step for activation.
What is dimerization?
This type of feedback increases the stimulus
What is positive (feedback)
What are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
What is a kinase
This type of signaling in animal or plant cells allow small signaling molecules, or intracellular mediators, to pass directly between adjacent cells.
What is juxtacrine?
This integral membrane enzyme, activated by the G alpha subnit, converts ATP into the second messenger cAMP.
What is adenyl cyclase?
The initial step of receptor tyrosine kinase activation involving phosphate transfer.
What is autophosphorylation?
The type of feedback that makes you stop shivering when you warm up.
What is negative feedback?
What is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes, in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another?
What is Phosphorylation Cascade
When bacteria form large enough populations, they secrete chemicals that cause them to become bioluminescent. This type of signal travels short distances between cells.
Paracrine signaling
This molecule is the second messenger produced by adenylyl cyclase.
What is cAMP?
hese are the specific amino acid residues on the RTK's cytoplasmic tail that are phosphorylated and then serve as docking sites for relay proteins.
What are Tyrosine residues?
Diseases can be caused by these in signaling pathway molecules?
What are mutations?