Cell Signaling
What are the 3 steps in the signal transduction pathway?
What are a reception, transduction, and response
What happens during Cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts or a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.
What is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.
What is a Cyclin
DNA exists as chromatin during
What is interphase
What is negative feedback? Give an example
Feedback that reduces the effect of the stimulus. Examples: Sweat, blood sugar, breathing rate
What is a signal molecule that binds to a larger molecule.
What is a ligand
During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
What is S Phase
How many checkpoints are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle?
What is three
A diploid organism with a total of 22 chromosomes has an n of
What is 11
What is positive feedback? Give an example
Feedback that increases the effect of the stimulus.
Examples: Labor, blood clotting, fruit ripening
What is the most common cell response of transduction pathways?
What is Gene Expression
At what point in the cell cycle do the sister chromatids separate?
What is Anaphase
What checkpoint decides whether or not the cell will undergo division or enter to G0 phase?
What is G1 Checkpoint
DNA condenses into chromatids during which phase?
What is prophase
A variable that will cause a response is called a...
Stimulus
What are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
What is a kinase
Two new nuclei form during this stage of Mitosis.
What is Telophase?
At what checkpoint does the cell check to see if the spindle fibers are attached correctly?
What is the M or Spindle checkpoint
One half of a duplicated chromosome is a __________.
What is a chromatid?
Genetic disorders, drug or alcohol abuse, extreme heat or extreme cold, diseases like cancer or diabetes
What is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes, in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another?
What is Phosphorylation Cascade
What are the 3 steps of interphase and 5 steps of mitosis in order?
What are G1, S, G2, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
What causes cancer?
Mutations/errors in genetic material or Uncontrolled cell growth
A diploid organism with n=5 would have this many chromatids in metaphase
What is 20
Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, initiating a signaling cascade that leads to the release of dopamine. Briefly describe how this signaling cascade might affect the homeostasis of neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
Nicotine triggers an excessive release of dopamine, which disrupts the brain's normal balance. Over time the brain reduces its natural production which can lead to dependency on Nicotine for the "reward" dopamine.