Cell Signaling
What are the 3 steps in the signal transduction pathway?
What are a reception, transduction, and response
What happens during Cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts or a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.
What is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.
What is a Cyclin
DNA exists as chromatin during which phase of the cell cycle?
What is interphase
Protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps.
What is Histone?
What is a signal molecule that binds to a larger molecule.
What is a ligand
During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
What is S stage
How many checkpoints are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle?
What is three
A diploid organism with a total of 22 chromosomes has an n of
What is 11
What is apoptosis?
What is controlled cell death
What is the most common cell response of transduction pathways?
What is Gene Expression (or DNA transcription/translation)
At what point in the cell cycle do the sister chromatids separate?
What is Anaphase
What checkpoint checks for cell size and decides whether or not the cell will undergo division or enter to G0 phase?
What is G1 Checkpoint
DNA condenses into chromosomes during which phase?
What is prophase
This type of feedback increases the stimulus
What is positive (feedback)
What are enzymes that transfer phosphate groups during signal transduction from ATP to a protein
What is a kinase
Two new nuclei form during this stage of Mitosis.
What is Telophase?
At what checkpoint does the cell check to see if the spindle fibers are attached correctly to kientochores?
What is the M or Spindle checkpoint
One half of a duplicated chromosome is a __________.
What is a chromatid?
Plants that communicate directly utilize these hole-like structures.
What is plasmodesmata?
What is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes, in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another?
What is Phosphorylation Cascade
What are the 3 steps of interphase and 5 steps of mitosis in order?
What are G1, S, G2, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
What is cancer?
What is the accumulation of mutations/errors in genetic material
OR
What is uncontrolled cell growth
A diploid organism with n=5 would have this many chromatids in metaphase
What is 20
Briefly summarize the process that a G Protein Coupled receptor undergoes.
Ligand binding to GPCR will activate an associated enzyme allowing for amplification of the signal leading to a cellular response.