DNA to RNA
This enzyme reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes mRNA during transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
The ribosome subunits are composed of rRNA and these molecules.
What are proteins (ribosomal proteins)?
In the lac operon, RNA polymerase binds here to begin transcription.
What is the promoter?
A mutation that changes one nucleotide but does NOT change the amino acid is called this.
What is a silent mutation?
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of information in this order.
What is DNA → RNA → Protein?
This enzyme is responsible for building the mRNA strand during transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
This type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
What is tRNA?
When lactose is absent, this molecule blocks transcription of the lac operon by binding to the operator.
What is the repressor protein?
This type of mutation inserts or deletes a nucleotide, shifting the entire reading frame.
What is a frameshift mutation?
The three components of a nucleotide.
What are a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base?
The strand of DNA that RNA polymerase reads is called this.
What is the template strand?
The mRNA codon AUG codes for this amino acid and also serves as the start codon.
What is methionine?
Gene expression is turned ON in the lac operon when this sugar is present.
What is lactose?
A point mutation that changes one amino acid to a different one is called this.
What is a missense mutation?
This term describes the fact that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.
What is the genetic code being redundant (or degenerate)?
In eukaryotes, non-coding sections of pre-mRNA that are cut out before translation.
What are introns?
Translation ends when the ribosome reaches one of these on the mRNA.
What is a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA)?
In eukaryotes, transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to this region upstream of a gene.
What is the promoter?
UV radiation can cause these two thymine bases to bond together, distorting DNA.
What are thymine dimers?
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called this.
What is a gene?
mRNA is modified before leaving the nucleus by adding a 5' cap and this tail.
What is a poly-A tail?
Each three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid is called this.
What is a codon?
These DNA sequences far from a gene can still increase transcription by looping toward the promoter.
What are enhancers?
A mutation that creates a premature stop codon, cutting the protein short.
What is a nonsense mutation?
This process uses mRNA as a template to build a protein, reading it 5' to 3'.
What is translation?