DNA Replication
This enzyme is responsible for "unzipping" the double helix of DNA.
Helicase
This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing mRNA during transcription.
RNA Polymerase
In prokaryotes, this cluster of genes and the DNA sequences that control their expression is called what?
an Operon
This technique is used to amplify specific DNA sequences.
PCR
In literature, who wrote the play "Hamlet"?
Shakespeare
This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, creating a continuous DNA molecule.
DNA Ligase.
Name the cellular location where translation occurs in eukaryotes.
The Nucleus
Name the protein that binds to the operator of an operon, preventing transcription.
A repressor
Name the enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites, essential for recombinant DNA technology.
Restriction Enzymes
What is the name of the mathematical concept that describes the rate of change of a function?
a derivative
Describe the directionality that DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand.
5' to 3'
This type of molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
tRNA
Explain how histone acetylation affects gene expression in eukaryotes.
It increases expression because it unwinds the DNA molecule to allow more space for transcription factors and RNA polymerase to have access to genes.
This process separates DNA fragments based on their size using an electric field.
Gel Electrophoresis
What is the term used in economics to describe the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year?
GDP
Which DNA strand requires multiple RNA primers for synthesis?
The lagging strand.
Explain how a single base pair insertion or deletion in a gene can lead to a frameshift mutation, and how this differs from a substitution mutation.
An insertion or deletion shifts the reading frame, changing all subsequent codons, while a substitution only changes a single codon?
How do gene switches (regulatory regions) allow for eukaryotes to express genes in specific regions of their body?
A regulatory region and a specific molecule both need to be present in order for the gene to be expressed.
Describe how a scientist would be able to determine that a bacterial cell had been transformed with a gene of interest. How would they be able to tell which cells received the gene?
Transform the cells with the gene of interest along with a marker gene like antibiotic resistance or bioluminescence.
This Supreme Court case, decided in 1954, declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Explain the concept of semiconservative replication.
Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Describe the role of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in mRNA processing.
To prevent the breakdown of mRNA prior to translation.
Describe the difference between inducible and repressible operons. What type of operon is the lac operon?
Inducible operons are usually "off" but can be turned "on" by an inducer, while repressible operons are usually "on" but can be turned "off" by a corepressor.
Explain how CRISPR-Cas9 technology can be used for gene editing. How is it different from restriction enzymes?
CRISPR-Cas9 uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific DNA sequence, where it creates a double-stranded break that can be repaired by the cell, introducing targeted mutations or insertions?
What is the name of the philosophical principle that suggests the simplest explanation is usually the best one?
Occam's razor